Diversity and Distribution of White-Tailed Deer mtDNA Lineages in Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Outbreak Areas in Southern Wisconsin, USA

REFERENCES

• Allendorf , F. W. , England , P. R. , Luikart , G. , Ritchie , P. A. and Ryman , N. 2008 . Genetic effects of harvest on wild animal populations . Trends Ecol. Evolut. , 23 : 327 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altizer , S. , Nunn , C. L. , Thrall , P. H. , Gittleman , J. L. , Antonovics , J. , Cunningham , A.A. , Dobson , A. P. , Ezenwa , V. , Jones , K. E. , Pedersen , A. B. , Poss , M. and Pulliam , J. R. C. 2003 . Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: Integrating theory and empirical studies . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolut. System , 34 : 517 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anselin , L. 1995 . Local indicators of spatial association—LISA . Geogr. Anal. , 27 : 93 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avise , J. C. 1994 . Molecular markers, natural history and evolution , New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Avise , J. C. , Arnold , J. , Ball , R. M. , Bermingham , E. , Lamb , T. , Neigel , J. E. , Reeb , C. A. and Saunders , N. C. 1987 . Intraspecific phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evolut. System , 18 : 489 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten , L. A. , Powers , B. E. , Jewell , J. E. , Spraker , T. R. and Miller , M. W. 2007 . A natural case of chronic wasting disease in a free-ranging moose (Alces alces Shirasi) . J. Wildl. Dis. , 43 : 309 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelt , H. J. , Forster , P. and Röhl , A. 1999 . Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies . Mol. Biol. Evol. , 16 : 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersing , O. S. 1966 . A century of Wisconsin deer , 2nd , Madison : Wisconsin Conservation Department .
   Google Scholar
• Blanchong , J. A. , Samuel , M. D. , Scribner , K. T. , Weckworth , B. V. , Langenberg , J. A. and Filcek , K. B. 2008 . Landscape genetics and the spatial distribution of chronic wasting disease . Biol. Lett. , 4 : 130 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchong , J. A. , Scribner , K. T. , Kravchenko , A. N. and Winterstein , S. R. 2007 . TB-infected deer are more closely related than non-infected deer . Biol. Lett. , 3 : 103 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. Prion diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/prions (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/prions)
   Google Scholar
• Clark , P. J. and Evans , F. C. 1954 . Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations . Ecology , 35 : 445 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer , C. E. , Kilgo , J. C. , D'angelo , G. J. , Glenn , T. C. and Miller , K. V. 2005 . Fine-scale genetic structure and social organization in female white-tailed deer . J. Wildl. Manage. , 69 : 332 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner , M. M. , Ebinger , M. R. , Blanchong , J. A. and Cross , P. C. 2008 . Infectious disease in cervids of North America . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 1134 : 146 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin , M A. 1991 . Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae) . J. Mammal. , 72 : 533 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Cross , P. C. , Drewe , J. , Patrek , V. , Pearce , G. , Samuel , M. D. and Delahay , R. J. 2008 . “ Wildlife population structure and parasite transmission: implications for disease management ” . In Management of disease in wild mammals , Edited by: Delahay , R. , Smith , G. and Hutchings , M. 9 – 30 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Cullingham , C. I. , Merrill , E. H. , Pybus , M. J. , Bollinger , T. K. , Wilson , G. A. and Coltman , D. W. 2010 . Broad and fine scale genetic analysis of white tailed deer populations: estimating the relative risk of chronic wasting disease spread . Evol. Appl. 4 , : 116 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• DeWoody , J. A. 2005 . Molecular approaches to the study of parentage, relatedness, and fitness: practical applications for wild animals . J. Wildl. Manage. , 69 : 1400 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Deyoung , R. W. and Honeycutt , R. L. 2005 . The molecular toolbox: genetic techniques in wildlife ecology and management . J. Wildl. Manage. , 69 : 1362 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach , D. R. , Long , E. S. , Rosenberry , C. S. , Wallingford , B. D. and Smith , D.R. 2008 . Modeling distribution of dispersal distances in male white-tailed deer . J. Wildl. Manage. , 72 : 1296 – 1303 .
   Google Scholar
• Epperson , B. K. 2003 . Geographical genetics , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Excoffier , L. , Smouse , P. E. and Quattro , J. M. 1992 . Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data . Genetics , 131 : 479 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier , L. , Laval , G. and Schneider , S. 2005 . Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis . Evol. Bioinform. Online , 1 : 47 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin , M.-J. and Dale , M. 2005 . Spatial analysis: A guide for ecologists , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie , J. H. 1975 . Natural selection for resistance to epidemics . Ecology , 56 : 493 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Grear , D. A , Samuel , M. D. , Scribner , K. T. , Weckworth , B. V. and Langenberg , J. A. 2010 . Influence of genetic relatedness and spatial proximity on chronic wasting disease infection among female white-tailed deer . J. Appl. Ecol. , 47 : 532 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grear , D.A. , Samuel , M. D. , Langenberg , J. A. and Keane , D. 2006 . Demographic patterns and harvest vulnerability of chronic wasting disease infected white-tailed deer in Wisconsin . J. Wildl. Manage. , 70 : 546 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamir , A. N. , Miller , J. M. , Kunkle , R. A. , Hall , S. M. and Richt , J. A. 2007 . Susceptibility of cattle to first-passage intracerebral inoculation with chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer . Vet. Pathol. , 44 : 487 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy , O. J. and Vekemans , X. 1999 . Isolation by distance in a continuous population: Reconciliation between spatial autocorrelation analysis and population genetics models . Heredity , 83 : 145 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl , G. B. , Zachos , F. E. , Nadlinger , K. , Ratkiewicz , M. , Klein , F. and Lang , G. 2005 . Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA analysis of French red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations: Genetic structure and its implications for management and conservation . Mammal. Biol. Z. Saugetierkunde , 70 : 24 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , R. E. and Klimstra , W. D. 1970 . A preliminary study of the social organization of white-tailed deer . J. Wildl. Manage. , 34 : 407 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T. A. 2004 . “Fire in the Sistine Chapel”: How Wisconsin responded to chronic wasting disease . Hum. Dimens. Wildl. , 9 : 165 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Heisey , D. M. , Osnas , E. E. , Cross , P.C. , Joly , D. O. , Langenberg , J. A. and Miller , M. W. 2010 . Linking process to pattern: Estimating spatiotemporal dynamics of a wildlife epidemic from cross-sectional data . Ecol. Monogr. , 80 : 221 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hölzenbein , S. and Marchinton , R. L. 1992 . Spatial integration of maturing-male white-tailed deer into the adult population . J. Mammal. , 73 : 326 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Joly , D. O. , Samuel , M. D. , Langenberg , J.A. , Blanchong , J. A. , Batha , C. A. , Rolley , R. E. , Keane , D. P. and Ribic , C. A. 2006 . Spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin white-tailed deer . J. Wildl. Dis. , 43 : 578 – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• Kruskal , J. B. 1956 . On the shortest spanning subtree of the graph and the travelling salesman problem . Proc. Am. Math. Soc. , 7 : 48 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , E, S. , Diefenbach , D. R. , Rosenberry , C. S. , Wallingford , B. D. and Grund , M. D. 2005 . Forest cover influences dispersal distance of white-tailed deer . J. Mammal. , 86 : 623 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathiason , C. K. , Hays , S. A. , Powers , J. , Hayes-Klug , J. , Langenberg , J. , Dahmes , S. J. , Osborn , D. A. , Miller , K. V. , Warren , R. J. and Mason , G. L. 2009 . Infectious prions in pre-clinical deer and transmission of chronic wasting disease solely by environmental exposure . PloS One , 4
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. F. , DeYoung , R. W. , Campbell , T. A. , Laseter , B. R. , Ford , W. M. and Miller , K. V. 2010 . Fine-scale genetic and social structuring in a central Appalachian white-tailed deer herd . J. Mammal. , 91 : 681 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , M. P. 2005 . Alleles in space: Computer software for the joint analysis of interindividual spatial and genetic information . J. Hered. , 96 : 722 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. W. , Swanson , H. M . , Wolfe , L. L. , Quartarone , F. G. , Huwer , S. L. , Southwick , C. H. and Lukacs , P. M. 2008 . Lions and prions and deer demise . PloS One , 3 : e4019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , P. A. P. 1950 . Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena . Biometrika , 37 : 17 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , C. 1994 . Applications of mitochondrial DNA analysis in conservation: A critical review . Mol Ecol , 3 : 401 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nei , M. 1987 . Molecular evolutionary genetics , New York, NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , M. E. and Mech , L. D. 1992 . Dispersal in female white-tailed deer . J. Mammal. , 73 : 891 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon , C. M. , Mankin , P. C. , Etter , D. R. , Hansen , L. P. , Brewer , P. A. , Chelsvig , J. E. , Esker , T. L. and Sullivan , J. B. 2007 . White-tailed deer dispersal behavior in an agricultural environment . Am. Midland Nat. , 157 : 212 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon , C. M , Mankin , P. C. , Etter , D. R. , Hansen , L. P. , Brewer , P. A. , Chelsvig , J. E. , Esker , T. L. and Sullivan , J. B. 2008 . Migration behavior among female white-tailed deer in central and northern Illinois . Am. Midland Nat. , 160 : 178 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Omernik , J. M. 1987 . Ecoregions of the conterminous United States . Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. , 77 : 118 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peakall , R. and Smouse , P. E. 2006 . GenAlEx 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research . Mol. Ecol. Notes , 6 : 288 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pease , K. M. , Freedman , A. H. , Pollinger , J. P. , Mccormack , J. E. , Buermann , W. , Rodzen , J. , Banks , J. , Meredith , E. , Bleich , V. C. , Schaefer , R. J . , Jones , K. and Wayne , R. K. 2009 . Landscape genetics of California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus): The role of ecological and historical factors in generating differentiation . Mol. Ecol. , 18 : 1848 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Pielou , E. C. 1977 . Mathematical Ecology , New York, NY, , USA : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Piertney , S. B. , Maccoll , A. D. C. , Bacon , P. J. , Racey , P. A. , Lambin , X. and Dallas , J. F. 2000 . Matrilineal genetic structure and female mediated gene flow in red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus): An analysis using mitochondrial DNA . Evolution , 54 : 279 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Pommerening , A. 2002 . Approaches to quantifying forest structures . Forestry , 75 : 305 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue , J. R. , Oleksyk , T. K. and Smith , M. H. 2006 . Independent occurrences of multiple repeats in the control region of mitochondrial DNA of white-tailed deer . J. Hered. , 97 : 235 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdue , J. R. , Smith , M. H. and Patton , J. C. 2000 . Female philopatry and extreme spatial genetic heterogeneity in white-tailed deer . J. Mammal. , 81 : 179 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolley , R. E. 2007 . White-tailed deer population status , Madison : Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberry , C. S. , Lancia , R. A. and Conner , M. C. 1999 . Population effects of white-tailed deer dispersal . Wildl. Soc. Bull. , 27 : 858 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Sacks , B. N. , Mitchell , B. R. , Williams , C. L. and Ernest , H. B. 2005 . Coyote movements and social structure along a cryptic population genetic subdivision . Mol. Ecol. , 14 : 1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel , M. D. , Joly , D. O. , Wild , M. A. , Wright , S. D. , Otis , D. L. , Werge , R. W. and Miller , M. W. 2003 . “ Surveillance strategies for detecting chronic wasting disease in free-ranging deer and elk ” . In Results of a CWD surveillance workshop, Madison, Wisconsin December 10–12, 2002 , Madison, WI : U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center .
   Google Scholar
• Schauber , E. M. , Storm , D. J. and Nielsen , C. K. 2007 . Effects of joint space use and group membership on contact rates among white-tailed deer . J. Wildl. Manage. , 71 : 155 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scribner , K. T. , Smith , M. H. and Chesser , R. K. 1997 . Spatial and temporal variability of microgeographic genetic structure in white-tailed deer . J. Mammal. , 78 : 744 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Wasserberg , G. , Osnas , E. E. , Rolley , R. E. and Samuel , M. D. 2009 . Host culling as an adaptive management tool for chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: A modeling study . J. Appl. Ecol. , 46 : 457 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , E. S. 2005 . Chronic wasting disease . Vet. Pathol. , 42 : 530 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , E. S. , Miller , M. W. , Kreeger , T. J. , Kahn , R. H. and Thorne , E. T. 2002 . Chronic wasting disease of deer and elk: A review with recommendations for management . J. Wildl. Manage. , 66 : 551 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , S. C. , DeNicola , A. J. and Ortega , I. M. 2008 . Behavioral responses of white-tailed deer subjected to lethal management . Can. J. Zool. , 86 : 1358 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . 2009 . A plan for managing chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin: The next five years , Madison, WI : Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . 2010 . Wisconsin's chronic wasting disease response plan: 2010–2025 , Madison, WI : Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . “ In preparation ” . In Draft ecological landscapes of Wisconsin , Madison, WI : Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . Handbook 1805.1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2007. WHO Guidelines on tissue infectivity distribution of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: Updated information on major categories of infection. Document WHO/BS/07.2078. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization http://www.who.int/biologicals/BS%202078%20TSE.pdf (http://www.who.int/biologicals/BS%202078%20TSE.pdf)
   Google Scholar