Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: A Study in Lisbon Restaurants

REFERENCES

• Benowitz , N. L. 1999 . Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 ( suppl. 2 ) : 349 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalla , D. K. , Hirata , F. , Rishi , A. K. and Roberts , J. R. 2009 . Cigarette smoke, inflammation and lung injury: A mechanistic perspective . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 12 : 54 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorini , G. , Moshammer , H. , Sbrogiò , L. , Gasparrini , A. , Nebot , M. , Neuberger , M. , Tamang , E. , Lopez , M. J. , Galeone , D. , Serrahima , E. and Italy & Austria Before and After Study Working Group . 2008 . Italy and Austria before and after study: Second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality premises before and after 2 years from the introduction of the Italian smoking ban . Indoor Air , 18 : 328 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haufroid , V. and Lison , D. 1998 . Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: A minireview . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 71 : 162 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmersbach , P. and de la Torre , R. 1996 . Stimulants, narcotics and beta-blockers: 25 Years of development in analytical techniques for doping control . J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. , 687 : 221 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , D. and Hoffmann , I. 1997 . The changing cigarette, 1950–1995 . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 50 : 307 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland , A. , Travers , M. J. , Dresler , C. , Higbee , C. and Cummings , K. M. 2008 . A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places . Tobacco Control , 17 : 159 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans . 2004 . Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum. , 83 : 1 – 1438 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis , M. J. , Tunstall-Pedoe , H. , Feyerabend , C. , Vesey , C. and Saloojee , Y. 1987 . Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers . Am. J. Public Health , 77 : 1435 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabela , M. , Vardavas , C. I. , Tzatzarakis , M. , Tsatsakis , A. , Dockery , D. , Connolly , G. N. and Behrakis , P. 2011 . The relationship between venue indoor air quality and urinary cotinine levels among semiopen-air café employees: What factors determine the level of exposure? . J. Aerosol Med. Pulmonary Drug Deliv. , 24 : 35 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepeis , N. E. , Apte , M. G. , Gundel , L. A. , Sextro , R. G. and Nazaroff , W. W. 2003 . Determining size-specific emission factors for environmental tobacco smoke particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law 37/2007 . 2007 . Normas para a protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco e medidas de redução da procura relacionadas com a dependência e a cessação do seu consumo , Portugal : Diário da República, 1st series. number 156, 14 August. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda .
   Google Scholar
• 79/2006 , Law . 2006 . “ Regulamento dos Sistemas Energéticos de Climatização em Edifícios ” . In Diário da República, 1st series. number 67, 4 April , Portugal : Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda .
   Google Scholar
• 226/1983 , Law . 1983 . “ Prevenção do Tabagismo ” . In Diário da República, 1st series, part A, number 122, 27 May , Portugal : Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda .
   Google Scholar
• Matt , G. E. , Quintana , P. J. , Destaillats , H. , Gundel , L. A. , Sleiman , M. , Singer , B. C. , Jacob , P. , Benowitz , N. , Winickoff , J. P. , Rehan , V. , Talbot , P. , Schick , S. , Samet , J. , Wang , Y. , Hang , B. , Martins-Green , M. , Pankow , J. F. and Hovell , M. F. 2011 . Thirdhand tobacco smoke: Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda . Environ. Health Perspect. , 119 : 1218 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies , D. 2011 . The case for a worldwide ban on smoking in public places . Curr. Opin. Pulmonary Med. , 17 : 116 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritsugu , K. P. 2007 . The 2006 Report of the Surgeon General: The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke . Am. J. Prev. Med. , 32 : 542 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Precioso , J. , Calheiros , J. , Pereira , D. , Campos , H. , Antunes , H. , Rebelo , L. and Bonito , J. 2009 . [Prevalence and smoking trends in Portugal and Europe] . Acta Med. Port. , 22 : 335 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Precioso , J. , Lopez , M. J. , Calheiros , J. M. , Macedo , M. , Ariza , C. , Sanchez , F. , Schiaffino , A. , Fernández , E. and Nebot , M. 2007 . [Indoor air pollution caused by cigarette smoke in public places in Portugal] . Rev Saude Publica , 41 : 808 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repace , J. 2004 . Respirable particles and carcinogens in the air of Delaware hospitality venues before and after a smoking ban . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 46 : 887 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repace , J. , Hughes , E. and Benowitz , N. 2006a . Exposure to second-hand smoke air pollution assessed from bar patrons’ urinary cotinine . Nicotine Tobacco Res. , 8 ( 5 ) : 701 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repace , J. L. , Hyde , J. N. and Brugge , D. 2006b . Air pollution in Boston bars before and after a smoking ban . BMC Public Health , 6 : 266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple , S. , Creely , K. S. , Naji , A. , Miller , B. G. and Ayres , J. G. 2007b . Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: The effect of smoke-free legislation . Tobacco Control , 16 : 127 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple , S. , Maccalman , L. , Naji , A. A. , Dempsey , S. , Hilton , S. , Miller , B. G. and Ayres , J. G. 2007a . Bar workers’ exposure to second-hand smoke: The effect of Scottish smoke-free legislation on occupational exposure . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 51 : 571 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter (Final Report, Oct 2004). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA 600/P-99/002 aF-bF, 2004. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=87903 (http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=87903) (Accessed: 23 May 2012 ).
   Google Scholar
• Valente , P. , Forastiere , F. , Bacosi , A. , Cattani , G. , Di Carlo , S. , Ferri , M. , Figa-Talamanca , I. , Marconi , A. , Paoletti , L. , Perucci , C. and Zuccaro , P. 2007 . Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005 . Tobacco Control , 16 : 312 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , L. 1996 . Indoor particles: A review . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 46 : 98 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , A. and Grandjean , E. 1987 . Acute effects of environmental tobacco smoke . IARC Sci. Publ. , 81 : 59 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2009. World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/en/index.html (http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/en/index.html)
   Google Scholar