Prenatal and Early Life Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls May Influence Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels at Prepubertal Age: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study

REFERENCES

• Auchus , R. J. 2011 . The physiology and biochemistry of adrenarche . Endocr. Dev. , 20 : 20 – 27 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourguignon , J. P. and Parent , A. S. 2010 . Early homeostatic disturbances of human growth and maturation by endocrine disrupters . Curr. Opin. Pediatr. , 22 : 470 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourguignon , J. P. , Rasier , Lebrethon , M. C. , Gérard , A. , Naveau , E. and Parent , A. S. 2010 . Neuroendocrine disruption of pubertal timing and interactions between homeostasis of reproduction and energy balance . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 324 : 110 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Y. , Winneke , G. , Wilhelm , M. , Wittsiepe , J. , Lemm , F. , Fürst , P. , Ranft , U. , Imöhl , M. , Kraft , M. , Oesch-Bartlomowicz , B. and Krämer , U. 2008 . Environmental exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls reduce levels of gonadal hormones in newborns: Results from the Duisburg cohort study . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 211 : 30 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKoning , E. P. and Karmaus , W. 2000 . PCB exposure in utero and via breast milk. A review . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol , 10 : 285 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Den Hond , E. , Roels , H. A. , Hoppenbrouwers , K. , Nawrot , T. , Thijs , L. , Vandermeulen , C. , Winneke , G. , Vanderschueren , D. and Staessen , J. A. 2002 . Sexual maturation in relation to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons: Sharpe and Skakkebaek's hypothesis revisited . Environ. Health Perspect. , 110 : 771 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurenberg , P. 2003 . Validation of body composition methods and assumptions . Br. J. Nutr. , 90 : 485 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmlinger , M. W. , Kuhnel , W. and Ranke , M. B. 2002 . Reference ranges for serum concentrations of lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), estradiol (E2), prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and ferritin in neonates, children and young adults . Clin. Chem. Lab Med. , 40 : 1151 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euling , S. Y. , Selevan , S. G. , Hirsch Pescovitz , O. and Skakkebaek , N. E. 2008 . Role of enviromental factors in the timing of puberty . Pediatrics , 121 : 167 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladen , B. C. , Ragan , N. B. and Rogan , W. J. 2000 . Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene . J. Pediatr. , 136 : 490 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Y. L. , Lambert , G. H. , Hsu , C. C. and Hsu , M. M. 2004 . Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 77 : 153 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui , X. G. , Akahira , J. , Suzuki , T. , Nio , M. , Nakamura , Y. , Suzuki , H. , Rainey , W. E. and Sasano , H. 2009 . Development of the human adrenal zona reticularis: Morphometric and immunohistochemical studies from birth to adolescence . J. Endocrinol. , 203 : 241 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelnar , C. J. and Brook , C. G. 1983 . A mixed longitudinal study of adrenal steroid excretion in childhood and the mechanism of adrenarche . Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) , 19 : 117 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouritsen , A. , Aksglaede , L. , Sørensen , K. , Mogensen , S. S. , Leffers , H. , Main , K. M. , Frederiksen , H. , Andersson , A. M. , Skakkebaek , N. E. and Juul , A. 2010 . Hypothesis: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty . Int. J. Androl. , 33 : 346 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , Y. , Gang , H. X. , Suzuki , T. , Sasano , H. and Rainey , W. E. 2009 . Adrenal changes associated with adrenarche . Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. , 10 : 19 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmert , M. R. , Hayden , D. L. , Mansfield , M. J. , Crigler , J. F. , Crowley , W. F. , Chandler , D. W. and Boepple , P. A. 2001 . The longitudinal study of adrenal maturation during gonadal suppression: Evidence that adrenarche is a gradual process . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 86 : 4536 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , A. S. , Teilmann , G. , Juul , A. , Skakkebaek , N. E. , Toppari , J. and Bourguignon , J. P. 2003 . The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: Variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration . Endocr. Rev. , 24 : 668 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , L. N. and Odell , W. D. 1980 . Control of adrenal androgen secretion . Endocr. Rev. , 1 : 392 – 410 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pescovitz , O. H. and Walvoord , E. C. 2007 . When puberty is precocious , Totowa , NJ : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Porta , M.. and Zumeta , E. 2002 . Implementing the Stockholm Treaty on persistent organic pollutants . Occup. Environ. Med. , 59 : 651 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remer , T. , Shi , L. , Buyken , A. E. , Maser-Gluth , C. , Hartmann , M. F. and Wudy , S. A. 2010 . Prepubertal adrenarchal androgens and animal protein intake independently and differentially influence pubertal timing . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 95 : 3002 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson , J. 2006 . The steroid hormon biosynthesis pathway as a target for endocrine-disrupting chemicals . Toxicol. Sci. , 94 : 3 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeters , G. , Den Hond , E. , Dhooge , W. , van Larebeke , N. and Leijs , M. 2008 . Endocrine disruptors and abnormalities of pubertal development . Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 102 : 168 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter , M. H. , Lohman , T. G. , Boileau , R. A. , Horswill , C. A. , Stillman , R. J. , Van Loan , M. D. and Bemben , D. A. 1988 . Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youths . Hum. Biol. , 60 : 709 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smail , P. J. , Faiman , C. , Hobson , W. C. , Fuller , G. B. and Winter , J. S. 1982 . Further studies on adrenarche in nonhuman primates . Endocrinology , 111 : 844 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thankamony , A. , Ong , K. K. , Ahmed , M. L. , Ness , A. R. , Holly , J. M. and Dunger , D. B. 2012 . Higher levels of IGF-I and adrenal androgens at age 8 years are associated with earlier age at menarche in girls . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toppari , J. and Juul , A. 2010 . Trends in puberty timing in humans and environmental modifiers . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 324 : 39 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullerås , E. , Ohlsson , A. and Oskarsson , A. 2008 . Secretion of cortisol and aldosterone as a vulnerable target for adrenal endocrine disruption—Screening of 30 selected chemicals in the human H295R cell model . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 28 : 1045 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , M. , Samuels , S. , Mocarelli , P. , Gerthoux , P. M. , Needham , L. , Patterson , D. G. Jr. and Eskenazi , B. 2004 . Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menarche . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1289 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , M. , Wittsiepe , J. , Lemm , F. , Ranft , U. , Krämer , U. , Fürst , P. , Röseler , S. C. , Greshake , M. , Imöhl , M. , Eberwein , G. , Rauchfuss , K. , Kraft , M. and Winneke , G. 2008a . The Duisburg birth cohort study: Influence of the prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs on thyroid hormone status in newborns and neurodevelopment of infants until the age of 24 months . Mutat. Res. , 659 : 83 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , M. , Ranft , U. , Krämer , U. , Wittsiepe , J. , Lemm , F. , Fürst , P. , Eberwein , G. and Winneke , G. 2008b . Lack of neurodevelopmental adversity by prenatal exposure of infants to current lowered PCB levels: Comparison of two German birth cohort studies . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 700 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittsiepe , J. , Fürst , P. , Schrey , P. , Lemm , F. , Kraft , M. , Eberwein , G. , Winneke , G. and Wilhelm , M. 2007 . PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in human blood and milk from German mothers . Chemosphere , 67 : 286 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff , M. S. , Britton , J. A. , Boguski , L. , Hochman , S. , Maloney , N. , Serra , N. , Liu , Z. , Berkowitz , G. , Larson , S. and Forman , J. 2008 . Environmental exposures and puberty in inner-city girls . Environ. Res. , 107 : 393 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar