Human Health Risks of Geothermally Derived Metals and Other Contaminants in Wild-Caught Food

REFERENCES

• Agah , H. , Leermakers , M. , Elskens , M. , Fatemi , S. M. and Baeyens , W. 2007 . Total mercury and methyl mercury concentrations in fish from the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea . Water Air Soil Pollut , 181 : 95 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANZECC . Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality , Canberra , Australia : Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand . 2000 National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper no. 4
   Google Scholar
• Bayen , S. , Koroleva , E. , Lee , H. K. and Obbard , J. P. 2005 . Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 151 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomkvist , D. and Lundstedt , L. 1995 . Sediment investigation of the Rotorua lakes , Environment Report 95/23. Environment BOP .
   Google Scholar
• Boothroyd , I. K. G. 2009 . Ecological characteristics and management of geothermal systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand . Geothermics , 38 : 200 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose , P. and Sharma , A. 2002 . Role of iron in controlling speciation and mobilization of arsenic in subsurface environment . Water Res , 36 : 4916 – 4926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , R. R. , Lewis , J. R. and Reeves , R. D. 1976 . Mercury and other heavy metals in trout of central North Island, New Zealand . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 10 : 233 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Buckland , S. , Jones , P. , Ellis , H. and Salter , R. 1998a . Organochlorines in New Zealand: Ambient concentrations of selected organochlorines in rivers , Wellington , New Zealand : New Zealand Ministry for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Buckland , S. J. , Scobie , S. and Heslop , V. 1998b . Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in retail foods and an assessment of dietary intake for , New Zealanders. Wellington , New Zealand : New Zealand Ministry for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Burger , J. , Gochfeld , M. , Jeitner , C. , Burke , S. and Stamm , T. 2007 . Metal levels in flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) and great sculpin (Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus) from Adak Island, Alaska: Potential risk to predators and fishermen . Environ. Res , 103 : 62 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger , J. , Jeitner , C. and Gochfeld , M. 2011 . Locational differences in mercury and selenium levels in 19 species of saltwater fish from New Jersey . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A , 74 : 863 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , N. , McIntosh , J. and Scholes , P. 2009 . Managing the lakes of the Rotorua District, New Zealand . Lake Reserv. Manage , 25 : 284 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay , M. and Dutil , J. 1989 . Distinction between American eels (Anguilla rostrata) of different geographic origins on the basis of their organochlorine contamination levels . Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci , 46 : 836 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayden , M. G. , Kidd , K. A. , Wyn , B. , Kirk , J. L. , Muir , D. C. G. and O'Driscoll , N. J. 2013 . Mercury biomagnification through food webs is affected by physical and chemical characteristics of lakes . Environ. Sci. Technol , 47 : 12047 – 12053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daviglus , M. , Stamler , J. , Orencia , A. , Dyer , A. , Liu , K. , Greenland , P. , Walsh , M. , Morris , D. and Shekelle , R. 1997 . Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction . N. Engl. J. Med , 336 : 1046 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deheyn , D. D. , Gendreau , P. , Baldwin , R. J. and Latz , M. I. 2005 . Evidence for enhanced bioavailability of trace elements in the marine ecosystem of Deception Island, a volcano in Antarctica . Mar. Environ. Res , 60 : 1 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of . 2006 . 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_364/l_36420061220en00050024.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ferrante , M. C. , Clausi , M. T. , Meli , R. , Fusco , G. , Naccari , C. and Lucisano , A. 2010 . Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Garigliano River (Campania region, Italy) . Chemosphere , 78 : 709 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish , G. R. and Chapman , M. A. 1970 . Synoptic surveys of Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 3 : 571 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• FSANZ . 2011 . Standard 1.4.1—Contaminants and Natural Toxicants , V124 : Food Standards Australia New Zealand . http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00542
   Google Scholar
• FSANZ . 2012 . Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code—Standard 1.4.2—Maximum Residue Limits (Australia Only)—F2012C00520: Food Standards Australia New Zealand http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2012C00079
   Google Scholar
• Gifford , J. S. , Buckland , S. J. , Judd , M. C. , McFarlane , P. N. and Anderson , S. M. 1996 . Pentachlorophenol (PCP), PCDD, PCDF and pesticide concentrations in a freshwater lake catchment . Chemosphere , 32 : 2097 – 2113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford , J. S. , Judd , M. C. , McFarlane , P. N. and Anderson , S. M. 1995 . Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the New Zealand environment: Assessment near contaminated sites and remote freshwater lakes . Toxicol. Environ. Chem , 48 : 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , C. , Roper , D. S. and Buckland , S. J. 1995 . Metal concentrations of resident and transplanted freshwater mussels Hyridella menziesi (Unionacea: Hyriidae) and sediments in the Waikato River, New Zealand . Sci. Total Environ , 175 : 163 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiroa , T. R. 1921 . Maori food-supplies of Lake Rotorua, with methods of obtaining them, and usages and customs appertaining thereto . Trans. R. Soc. N. Z , 53 : 433 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra , P. F. , O'Hara , T. M. , Backus , S. M. , Hanns , C. and Muir , D. C. G. 2005 . Concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whale tissues and other biota from northern Alaska: Implications for human exposure from a subsistence diet . Environ. Res , 98 : 329 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly , V. 1967 . Observations on the smelt Retropinna lacustris Stokell . N. Z. J. Sci , 10 : 330 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan , K. , Smith , J. R. G. , Lee , R. F. , Windom , H. L. , Heitmuller , P. T. , Macauley , J. M. and Summers , J. K. 1998 . Distribution of total mercury and methyl mercury in water, sediment, and fish from south Florida estuaries . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 34 : 109 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. P. 1995 . Methylmercury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Lakes Okareka, Okaro, Rotomahana, Rotorua and Tarawera, North Island, New Zealand . Sci. Total Environ , 164 : 209 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. P. and Burggraaf , S. 1999 . Mercury bioaccumulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the trout food web in lakes Okareka, Okaro, Tarawera, Rotomahana and Rotorua, New Zealand . Water Air Soil Pollut , 115 : 535 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. P. and Rochford , T. 2008 . Methyl mercury in brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Arahura River, New Zealand . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 42 : 271 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , N. and Smith , J. 2006 . Review of science relating to discharges from the Kinleith Pulp and Paper mill , Hamilton , New Zealand : Environment Waikato . Environment Waikato Technical Report
   Google Scholar
• Kusabs , I. A. and Quinn , J. M. 2009 . Use of a traditional Maori harvesting method, the tau kōura, for monitoring kōura (freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifions) in Lake Rotoiti, North Island, New Zealand . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 43 : 713 – 722 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , E. , Macdonald , D. , Smith , S. and Calder , F. 1995 . Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments . Environ. Manage , 19 : 81 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , D. J. and Green , J. D. 1987 . “ Origins and development of the lakes ” . In Inland waters of New Zealand , Edited by: Viner , A. B. Vol. 241 , 1 – 64 . Wellington , New Zealand : NZ Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull .
   Google Scholar
• McColl , R. H. S. 1972 . Chemistry and trophic status of seven New Zealand lakes . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 6 : 399 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Minh , N. D. , Hough , R. L. , Thuy , L. T. , Nyberg , Y. , Mai , L. B. , Vinh , N. C. , Khai , N. M. and Öborn , I. 2012 . Assessing dietary exposure to cadmium in a metal recycling community in Vietnam: Age and gender aspects . Sci. Total Environ , 416 : 164 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Economic Development . 2010 . New Zealand Regional Tourism Forecasts 2010–2016 , Rotorua , New Zealand : Rotorua RTO. Tourism Strategy Group .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Fisheries . 2006 . “ Te Arawa Lakes (Fisheries) regulation ” . In SR 2006/340 , 27 Wellington , New Zealand : Ministry of Fisheries . http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2006/0340/latest/DLM415606.html
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Food Safety Authority . 2005 . Review of Non-Commercial Wild Food in New Zealand , Wellington , New Zealand : New Zealand Food Safety Authority .
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Food Safety Authority. 2009. Mercury in fish 2009 http://www.foodsmart.govt.nz/elibrary/consumer/mercury-in-fish.pdf (http://www.foodsmart.govt.nz/elibrary/consumer/mercury-in-fish.pdf) (Accessed: 26 February 2013 ).
   Google Scholar
• Odland , J. O. , Deutch , B. , Hansen , J. C. and Burkow , I. C. 2003 . The importance of diet on exposure to and effects of persistent organic pollutants on human health in the Arctic . Acta Paediatr , 92 : 1255 – 1266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkyn , S. and Kusabs , I. 2007 . Taonga , and mahinga kai species of the Te Arawa lakes—Kōura. NIWA Client Report HAM 2007-022. NIWA . http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_species_report_koura_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Parkyn , S. M. , Collier , K. J. and Hicks , B. J. 2001 . New Zealand stream crayfish: Functional omnivores but trophic predators? . Freshwater Biol , 46 : 641 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, N., Stewart, M., Olsen, G.Hickey, C. 2011a. Contaminants in kai—Te Arawa rohe. Part 1: Data report. NIWA Client Report HAM2010-02. NIWA. http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_contaminants_report-data_final.pdf (http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_contaminants_report-data_final.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, N., Stewart, M., Olsen, G.Hickey, C. 2011b. Contaminants in kai—Te Arawa rohe. Part 2: Risk assessment. NIWA Client Report HAM2010-23. NIWA http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_contaminants_report-risk_assessment_final.pdf (http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_contaminants_report-risk_assessment_final.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. , Kim , N. , Marchetti , M. , Moni , C. , Schroeter , L. , van den Dijssel , C. , Milne , G. and Clothier , B. 2006 . Arsenic hyperaccumulation by aquatic macrophytes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand . Environ. Exp. Bot , 58 : 206 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothschild , R. F. N. and Duffy , L. K. 2005 . Mercury concentrations in muscle, brain and bone of Western Alaskan waterfowl . Sci. Total Environ , 349 : 277 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. K. 1984 . Factors affecting the feeding patterns of lake-dwelling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdinerii) in the North Island of New Zealand . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 18 : 129 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. K. 1993 . Disappearance of koaro, Galaxias brevipinnis, from Lake Rotopounamu, New Zealand, following the introduction of smelt . Retropinna retropinna. Environ. Biol. Fish , 36 : 329 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. K. 2007 . Smelt harvest in the Rotorua Lakes: A discussion document. NIWA Client Report HAM2007-032. NIWA http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_species_report_smelt_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schoof , R. A. and Yager , J. W. 2007 . Variation of total and speciated arsenic in commonly consumed fish and seafood . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess , 13 : 946 – 965 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. G. 1985 . Sources of heavy metal input to the New Zealand aquatic environment . J. R. Soc. N. Z , 15 : 371 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford , D. 1967 . Te Arawa: A history of the Arawa People , Auckland , New Zealand : Reed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand. 2006. 2006 Census(accessed November 1, 2010) http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage)
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, M., Hickey, C., Phillips, N.Olsen, G. 2010. Contaminants in Kai—Arowhenua rohe. Part 2: Risk assessment. NIWA Client Report HAM2010-116. NIWA http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/arowhenua_contaminants_report-risk_assessment-final.pdf (http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/arowhenua_contaminants_report-risk_assessment-final.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , M. , Phillips , N. R. , Olsen , G. , Hickey , C. W. and Tipa , G. 2011 . Organochlorines and heavy metals in wild caught food as a potential human health risk to the indigenous Maori population of South Canterbury, New Zealand . Sci. Total Environ , 409 : 2029 – 2039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storelli , M. M. 2008 . Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs) . Food Chem. Toxicol , 46 : 2782 – 2788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner , J. L. and Hopkirk , G. 1976 . Lipid composition of New Zealand eels . J. Sci. Food Agric , 27 : 933 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timperley , M. H. and Vigor-Brown , R. J. 1986 . Water chemistry of lakes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand . N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater , 20 : 173 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipa , G. , Nelson , K. , Emery , W. , Smith , H. and Phillips , N. 2010 . A survey of wild kai consumption in the Te Arawa rohe NIWA Client Report HAM2010-096NIWAhttp://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/te_arawa_survey_of_wild_kai_consumption.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Turner , N. , Cressey , P. , Lake , R. and Whyte , R. 2005 . Review of non-commercial wild food in New Zealand. ESR report for New Zealand Food Safety Authority http://foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/wild-food-review-round1/wfr-position-doc.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ullrich , S. M. , Tanton , T. W. and Abdrashitova , S. A. 2001 . Mercury in the aquatic environment: A review of factors affecting methylation . Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci.Technol , 31 : 241 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unwin , M. and Image , K. 2003 . Angler usage of lake and river fisheries managed by Fish & Game New Zealand: Results from the 2001/02 National Angling Survey. NIWA Client report CHC2003-114 NIWAhttp://www.fishandgame.org.nz/sites/default/files/National%20Angler%20Survey%202001-2%20Martin%20Unwin%202003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . Guidance for assessing chemical contaminant data for use in fish advisories. Volume 2: Risk assessment and fish consumption limits—Third edition , Washington , DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2003 . Columbia River Basin fish contaminant survey , Washington , DC : US Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Integrated Risk Information System 2010(accessed July 5, 2010) http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.html (http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.html)
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg , M. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Denison , M. , De Vito , M. , Farland , W. , Feeley , M. , Fiedler , H. , Hakansson , H. , Hanberg , A. , Haws , L. , Rose , M. , Safe , S. , Schrenk , D. , Tohyama , C. , Tritscher , A. , Tuomisto , J. , Tysklind , M. , Walker , N. and Peterson , R. E. 2006 . The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds . Toxicol. Sci , 93 : 223 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissberg , B. G. and Zobel , M. G. R. 1973 . Geothermal mercury pollution in New Zealand . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 9 : 148 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welfinger-Smith , G. , Minholz , J. L. , Byrne , S. , Waghiyi , V. , Gologergen , J. , Kava , J. , Apatiki , M. , Ungott , E. , Miller , P. K. , Arnason , J. G. and Carpenter , D. O. 2011 . Organochlorine and metal contaminants in traditional foods from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 74 : 1195 – 1214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte , A. L. H. , Raumati Hook , G. , Greening , G. E. , Gibbs-Smith , E. and Gardner , J. P. A. 2009 . Human dietary exposure to heavy metals via the consumption of greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus Gmelin 1791) from the Bay of Islands, northern New Zealand . Sci. Total Environ , 407 : 4348 – 4355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2009 . Environmental health criteria 239. Principles for modelling dose-response for the risk assessment of chemicals , Geneva , , Switzewrland : World Health Organization (WHO) International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , Y. , Zhang , D. and Zhang , X. 2012 . Correct equations for calculating the maximum allowable fish consumption rate for human health risk assessment considering the noncarcinogenic effects of multiple contaminants in fish . Environ. Sci. Technol , 46 : 10481 – 10482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar