252
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Trace Elements in Ambient Air at Porto Metropolitan Area—Checking for Compliance with New European Union (Eu) Air Quality Standards

, , &

REFERENCES

  • Beckerman, B. S., M. Jerrett, M. Finkelstein, P. Kanaroglou, J. R. Brook, M. A. Arian, M. R. Sears, D. Stieb, J. Balmes, and K. Chapman. 2012. The association between chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic heart disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75: 402–411.
  • Bell, M. L., and HEI Health Review Committee. 2012. Assessment of the health impacts of particulate matter characteristics. Res. Rep. Health Effects Inst. 161: 5–38.
  • Cakmak, S., R. Dales, L. M. Kauri, M. Mahmud, K. Van Ryswyk, J. Vanos, L. Liu, P. Kumarathasan, E. Thomson, R. Vincent, and S. Weichenthal. 2014. Metal composition of fine particulate air pollution and acute changes in cardiorespiratory physiology. Environ. Pollut. 189: 208–214.
  • Chang, C.-C., C.-C. Kuo, S.-H. Liou, and C.-Y. Yang 2013. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for myocardial infarction in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76: 440–448.
  • Chen, L. C., and M. Lippmann. 2009. Effects of metals within ambient air particulate matter (PM) on human health. Inhal. Toxicol. 21: 1–31.
  • Costa, S., J. Ferreira, C. Silveira, C. Costa, D. Lopes, H. Relvas, C. Borrego, P. Roebeling, A. I. Miranda and J. P. Texeira 2014. Integrating health on air quality assessment—Review report on health risks of two major European outdoor air pollutants: PM and NO2. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 17: 307–340.
  • Craig, L., J. R. Brook, Q. Chiotti, B. Croes, S. Gower, A. Hedley, D. Krewski, A. Krupnick, M. Krzyzanowski, M. D. Moran, W. Pennell, J. M. Samet, J. Schneider, J. Shortreed, and M. Williams. 2008. Air pollution and public health: A guidance document for risk managers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 71: 588–698.
  • Franklin, M., P. Koutrakis, and J. Schwartz. 2008. The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology 19: 680–689.
  • Ghio, A. J., M. S. Carraway, and M. C. Madden 2012. Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues and living systems. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 15: 1–21.
  • Ginsberg, G. L. 2012. Cadmium risk assessment in relation to background risk of chronic kidney disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75: 374–390.
  • González-Castanedo, Y., T. Moreno, R. Fernández-Camacho, A. M. Sánchez de la Campa, A. Alastuey, X. Querol, and J. de la Rosa. 2014. Size distribution and chemical composition of particulate matter stack emissions in and around a copper smelter. Atmos. Environ. 98: 271–282.
  • Gugamsetty, B., H. Wei, C. N. Liu, A. Awasthi, S. C. Hsu, C. J. Tsai, G. D. Roam, Y. C. Wu, and C. F. Chen. 2012. Source characterization and apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 by using positive matrix factorization. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12: 476–491.
  • Gunawardena, J., P. Egodawatta, G. A. Ayoko, and A. Goonetilleke. 2012. Role of traffic in atmospheric accumulation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. 54: 502–510.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A. 2011. Elements of group 13 (previously group IIIa). In Trace elements in soils and plants, 4th ed., 315–331. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Krewski, D., and D. Rainham. 2007. Ambient air pollution and population health: Overview. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 275–283.
  • Leeuw, F., and J. Horálek. 2009. Assessment of the health impacts of exposure to PM2.5 at a European level. European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC) 21, The Netherlands, http://air-climate.eionet.europa.eu
  • Lippmann, M., L. C. Chen, T. Gordon, K. Ito, and G. D. Thurston. 2013. National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative: Integrated epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of the health effects of particulate matter components. Res. Rep. Health Effects Inst. 177: 5–13.
  • Needleman, H. 2004. Lead poisoning. Annu. Rev. Med. 55: 209–222.
  • Peltier, R. E., S. I. Hsu, R. Lall, and M. Lippmann. 2009. Residual oil combustion: A major source of airborne nickel in New York City. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 19: 603–612.
  • Peltier, R. E., and M. Lippmann. 2010. Residual oil combustion: 2. Distributions of airborne nickel and vanadium within New York City. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 20: 342–350.
  • Pelucchi, C., E. Negri, S. Gallus, P. Boffetta, I. Tramacere, and C. La Vecchia. 2009. Long-term particulate matter exposure and mortality: A review of European epidemiological studies. BMC Public Health 9: 453–461.
  • Samet, J., and D. Krewski. 2007. Health effects associated with exposure to air pollution. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 227–242.
  • Sarmento, S., H. T. Wolterbeek, T. G. Verburg, and M. C. Freitas. 2008. Correlating element atmospheric deposition and cancer mortality in Portugal: Data handling and preliminary results. Environ. Pollut. 151: 341–351.
  • Satsangi, P. G., S. Yadav, A. S. Pipal, and N. Kumbhar. 2014. Characteristics of trace metals in fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) particles and its health risk assessment along with in-silico approach in indoor environment of India. Atmos. Environ. 92: 384–393.
  • Schaumloffel, D. 2012. Nickel species: Analysis and toxic effects. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 26: 1–6.
  • Shrey, K., A. Suchit, D. Deepika, K. Shruti, and R. Vibha. 2011. Air pollutants: The key stages in the pathway towards the development of cardiovascular disorders. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 31: 1–9.
  • Sun, H. J., B. Rathinasabapathi, B. Wu, J. Luo, L. P. Pu, and L. Q. Ma. 2014. Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans. Environ. Int. 69: 148–158.
  • Taylor, S. R., and S. M. McLennan. 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
  • Tsai, S.-S., and C.-Y. Yang. 2014. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for pneumonia in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 77: 192–201.
  • U.S. Department of Energy. 1999. Guidance for conducting risk assessments and related risk activities for the DOE-ORO Environmental Management Program, BJC/OR-271. http://rais.ornl.gov/homepage/bjc_or-271.pdf
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Standard operating procedure for the determination of metals in ambient particulate matter analyzed by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/metalsop.pdf.
  • Vigotti, M. A., F. Chiaverini, P. Biagiola, and G. Rossi 2007. Urban air polution and emergency visits for respiratory complaints in Pisa, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 266–269.
  • World Health Organization. 2007. Health risks of heavy metals from long-range transboundary air pollution. Copenhagen, Joint WHO/Convention Task Force on the Health Aspects of Air Pollution, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/78649/E91044.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization. 2013. Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution—REVIHAAP Project: Technical report. Copenhagen, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/193108/REVIHAAP-Final-technical-report-final-version.pdf?ua=1.
  • World Health Organization. 2014. Burden of disease from the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution for 2012. Geneva, Switzerland: Public Health, Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Department.
  • Wilbur, S., H. Abadin, M. Fay, D. Yu, B. Tencza, L. Ingerman, J. Klotzbach, and S. James. 2012. Toxicological profile for chromium. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profiles.
  • Xu, M. H., D. X. Yu, H. Yao, X. W. Liu, and Y. Qiao. 2011. Coal combustion-generated aerosols: Formation and properties. Proc. Combust. Inst. 33: 1681–1697.
  • Zhang, Z. H., P. Y. K. Chau, H. K. Lai, and C. M. Wong. 2009. A review of effects of particulate matter-associated nickel and vanadium species on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 19: 175–185.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.