557
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Investigation of full-scale ozonation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a toxicity-based evaluation concept

, , , , , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Abdel‐Hamid, M. I. , S. A. Shaaban‐Dessouki , and O. M. Skulberg . 1993. Water quality of the River Nile. III. Toxicity assessment of six industrial effluents polluting the River Nile. Environ Toxicol 8:239–254.
  • Abegglen, C. , B. Escher , J. Hollender , S. Koepke , C. Ort , A. Peter , H. Siegrist , U. Von Gunten , S. Zimmermann , M. Koch , P. Niederhauser , M. Schärer , C. Braun , R. Gälli , M. Junghans , S. Brocker , R. Moser , and D. Rensch 2009. Ozonung von gereinigtem Abwasser. Schlussbericht Pilotversuch Regensdorf. Eawag , Dübendorf . Accessed April 7, 2017. http://www.spurenstoffelimination.de/files/Ozonung_Abwasser_Schlussbericht_Regensdorf.pdf.
  • Abegglen, C. , and H. Siegrist . 2012. Mikroverunreinigungen aus kommunalem Abwasser. Verfahren zur weitergehenden Elimination auf Kläranlagen. Bundesamt für Umwelt , Bern Umwelt-Wissen Nr 1214:210 S.
  • Altenburger, R. , J. Krüger , and A. Eisenträger . 2010. Proposing a pH stabilised nutrient medium for algal growth bioassays. Chemosphere 78:864–870. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.046.
  • Andreozzi, R. 1999. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catalysis Today 53:51–59. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9.
  • Aris, A. Z. , A. S. Shamsuddin , and S. M. Praveena . 2014. Occurrence of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the environment and effect on exposed biota: A review. Environ Int 69:104–119. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.011.
  • Audenaert, W. T. M. , M. Chys , H. Auvinen , A. Dumoulin , D. Rousseau , and S. W. H. Van Hulle . 2014. (Future) Regulation of trace organic compounds in WWTP effluents as a driver for advanced wastewater treatment. Ozone News 42:1–12.
  • Bergmann, A. , R. Fohrmann , and F.-A. Weber . 2011. Zusammenstellung von Monitoringdaten zu Umweltko-nzentrationen von Arzneimitteln. In FKZ 36014013, UBA-Texte 66/2014, Umweltbundesamt. Dessau-Roßlau
  • Bielak, H. , A. Boergers , J. Raab , J. Tuerk , and E. Dopp . 2015. Efficiency of UV-Oxidation in removal of pharmaceuticals from waster water samples and toxicological evaluation before and after the oxidative treatment. In Desinfection by-products in drinking water , ed. K. C. Thompson , S. Gillespie , and E. Goslan , 180–188. Berlin: Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Boelsterli, U. A. 2003. Diclofenac-induced liver injury: A paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 192:307–322.
  • Bolong, N. , A. F. Ismail , M. R. Salim , and T. Matsuura . 2009. A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 239:229–246.
  • Brack, W. , S. Ait-Aissa , R. M. Burgess , W. Busch , N. Creusot , C. Di Paolo , B. I. Escher , L. M. Hewitt , K. Hilscherova , J. Hollender , H. Hollert , W. Jonker , J. Kool , M. Lamoree , M. Muschket , S. Neumann , P. Rostkowski , C. Ruttkies , J. Schollee , E. L. Schymanski , T. Schulze , T. B. Seiler , A. J. Tindall , G. D. Umbuzeiro , B. Vrana , and M. Krauss . 2016. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments - An in-depth overview. Sci Total Environ 544:1073–1118.
  • Brand, W. , C. M. De Jongh , S. C. van der Linden , W. Mennes , L. M. Puijker , C. J. van Leeuwen , A. P. van Wezel , M. Schriks , and M. B. Heringa . 2013. Trigger values for investigation of hormonal activity in drinking water and its sources using CALUX bioassays. Environ Int 55:109–118.
  • Buchinger, S. , D. Spira , K. Broder , M. Schlusener , T. Ternes , and G. Reifferscheid . 2013. Direct coupling of thin-layer chromatography with a bioassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds: applications for effect-directed analysis. Anal Chem 85:7248–7256.
  • Bueno, M. J. M. , M. J. Gomez , S. Herrera , M. D. Hernando , A. Agüera , and A. R. Fernández-Alba . 2012. Occurrence and persistence of organic emerging contaminants and priority pollutants in five sewage treatment plants of Spain: Two years pilot survey monitoring. Environ Pollut 164:267–273.
  • Caldwell, D. J. , F. Mastrocco , P. D. Anderson , R. Lange , and J. P. Sumpter . 2012. Predicted-no-effect concentrations for the steroid estrogens estrone, 17beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol. EnvironToxicol Chem 31:1396–1406.
  • Chang, H. , Y. Wan , S. Wu , Z. Fan , and J. Hu . 2011. Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters: Comparison to estrogens. Water Res 45:732–740.
  • Competence Centre Micropollutants - NRW . 2016. Accessed December 17 2016. http://www.masterplan-wasser.nrw.de/das-kompetenzzentrum/and http://www.masterplan-wasser.nrw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Tatenbank/Projektsteckbriefe_PDF/161116_PDF-Karte_fuer_Webseite.pdf.
  • Creusot, N. , S. Ait-Aissa , N. Tapie , P. Pardon , F. Brion , W. Sanchez , E. Thybaud , J. M. Porcher , and H. Budzinski . 2014. Identification of synthetic steroids in river water downstream from pharmaceutical manufacture discharges based on a bioanalytical approach and passive sampling. Environ Sci Technol 48:3649–3657.
  • Czajka, C. P. , and K. L. Londry . 2006. Anaerobic biotransformation of estrogens. Sci Total Environ 367:932–941.
  • Di Paolo, C. , R. Ottermanns , S. Keiter , S. Ait-Aissa , K. Bluhm , W. Brack , M. Breitholtz , S. Buchinger , M. Carere , C. Chalon , X. Cousin , V. Dulio , B. I. Escher , T. Hamers , K. Hilscherová , S. Jarque , A. Jonas , E. Maillot-Marechal , Y. Marneffe , M. T. Nguyen , P. Pandard , A. Schifferli , T. Schulze , S. Seidensticker , T.-B. Seiler , J. Tang , R. van der Oost , E. Vermeirssen , R. Zounková , N. Zwart , and H. Hollert . 2016. Bioassay battery interlaboratory investigation of emerging contaminants in spiked water extracts – Towards the implementation of bioanalytical monitoring tools in water quality assessment and monitoring. Water Res 104:473–484.
  • DIN EN ISO 10993-5 . 2009. Biological evaluation of medical devices –Part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity (ISO 10993-5:2009). German version EN ISO 10993-5:2009. Berlin: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
  • DIN EN ISO 8692 . 2004. Water quality - Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae (ISO 8692:2004). German version EN ISO 8692:2004.
  • Escher, B. I. , M. Allinson , R. Altenburger , P. A. Bain , P. Balaguer , W. Busch , J. Crago , N. D. Denslow , E. Dopp , K. Hilscherova , A. R. Humpage , A. Kumar , M. Grimaldi , B. S. Jayasinghe , B. Jarosova , A. Jia , S. Makarov , K. A. Maruya , A. Medvedev , A. C. Mehinto , J. E. Mendez , A. Poulsen , E. Prochazka , J. Richard , A. Schifferli , D. Schlenk , S. Scholz , F. Shiraishi , S. Snyder , G. Su , J. Y. Tang , B. van der Burg , S. C. van der Linden , I. Werner , S. D. Westerheide , C. K. Wong , M. Yang , B. H. Yeung , X. Zhang , and F. D. Leusch . 2014. Benchmarking organic micropollutants in wastewater, recycled water and drinking water with in vitro bioassays. Environ Sci Technol 48:1940–1956.
  • Escher, B. I. , N. Bramaz , and C. Ort . 2009. JEM Spotlight: monitoring the treatment efficiency of a full scale ozonation on a sewage treatment plant with a mode-of-action based test battery. J Environ Monitor 11:1836–1846.
  • EU 192000/60 . Directive 2000/60/EC of the european parliament and the council of October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.
  • EU 2008/105 . Directive 2008/105/EC of the european parliament and of the council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 2/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
  • EU 2009/90 . Comission directive 2009/90/EC of 31 July 2009 laying down, pursuant to Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status.
  • EU 2011/876 . Proposal for a Directive of the european parliament and of the council amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy.
  • EU 2013/39 . Directive 2013/39/EU of the European parliament and of the council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy.
  • EU 2015/495 . Comission implementing decision (EU) 2015/495 of 20 March 2015 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
  • Gabet-Giraud, V. , C. Miège , J. M. Choubert , S. M. Ruel , and M. Coquery . 2010. Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ 408:4257–4269.
  • Gehrmann, L. , H. Bielak , M. Behr , F. Itzel , S. Lyko , A. Simon , G. Kunze , E. Dopp , M. Wagner , and J. Tuerk . 2016. (Anti-)estrogenic and (anti-)androgenic effects in wastewater during advanced treatment: comparison of three in vitro bioassays. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7165-4.
  • Giger, W. , C. Schaffner , and H. P. Kohler . 2006. Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole as aquatic contaminants. 1. Input and occurrence in rivers and lakes. Environ Sci Technol 40:7186–7192.
  • Götz, C. W. , C. Abegglen , C. McArdell , M. Koller , H. Siegrist , J. Hollender , and M. Schärer . 2010. Mikroverunreinigungen - Beurteilung weitergehender Abwasserreinigungsverfahren anhand von Indikatorsubstanzen , 4/2010. Unna: GWA - Gesellschaft für Wertstoff- und Abfallwirtschaft Kreis Unna mbH.
  • Götz, C. W. , R. Kase , and J. Hollender . 2011. Mikroverunreinigungen - Beurteilungskonzept für organische Spurenstoffe aus kommunalem Abwasser - Studie im Auftrag des BAFU . Dübendorf: Eawag.
  • Gruenebaum, T. , N. Stenzel , H. Lutze , E. Haun , S. Wolter , S. Lyko , C. Keysers , D. Thoele , C. Maus , H. Herbst , J. Tuerk , A. Boergers , L. Gehrmann , C. Portner , M. Launer , M. Luebken , L. Jurzik , L. Rath , O. Seidel , and C. Hoegel 2014. Abschlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben “Elimination von Arzneimittelrückständen in kommunalen Kläranlagen” gerichtet an das Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes NRW (MKULNV).
  • GschV 814.201 . 2016. Gewässerschutzverordnung vom 28. Oktober 1998 (Stand am 2. Februar 2016).
  • Henneberg, A. , K. Bender , L. Blaha , S. Giebner , B. Kuch , H. R. Kohler , D. Maier , J. Oehlmann , D. Richter , M. Scheurer , U. Schulte-Oehlmann , A. Sieratowicz , S. Ziebart , and R. Triebskorn . 2014. Are in vitro methods for the detection of endocrine potentials in the aquatic environment predictive for in vivo effects? outcomes of the projects schussenAktiv and SchussenAktiv plus in the Lake Constance Area, Germany. Public Libary Sci One 9:1–16.
  • Hollender, J. , S. G. Zimmermann , S. Koepke , M. Krauss , C. S. McArdell , C. Ort , H. P. Singer , U. von Gunten , and H. Siegrist . 2009. Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environ SciTechnol 43:7862–7869.
  • ISO/CD 19040-2 . 2016. Water quality - Determination of the estrogenic potential of water and waste water - Part 2: Yeast estrogen screen (A-YES, Arxula adeninivorans) . Berlin: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
  • Jarosova, B. , L. Blaha , J. P. Giesy , and K. Hilscherova . 2014a. What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe? Environ Int 64:98–109.
  • Jarosova, B. , A. Ersekova , K. Hilscherova , R. Loos , B. M. Gawlik , J. P. Giesy , and L. Blaha . 2014b. Europe-wide survey of estrogenicity in wastewater treatment plant effluents: The need for the effect-based monitoring. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:10970–10982.
  • Kaiser, C. , S. Uhlig , T. Gerlach , M. Korner , K. Simon , K. Kunath , K. Florschutz , K. Baronian , and G. Kunze . 2010. Evaluation and validation of a novel Arxula adeninivorans estrogen screen (nAES) assay and its application in analysis of wastewater, seawater, brackish water and urine. Sci Total Environ 408:6017–6026.
  • Kidd, K. A. , P. J. Blanchfield , K. H. Mills , V. P. Palace , R. E. Evans , J. M. Lazorchak , and R. W. Flick . 2007. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104:8897–8901.
  • Kienle, C. , E. Vermeirssen , P. Kunz , and I. Werner . 2015. Grobbeurteilung der Wasserqualität von abwasserbelasteten Gewässern anhand von ökotoxikologischen Biotests . Dübendorf: Oekotoxzentrum, Schweizerisches Zentrum für angewandte Ökotoxikologie Eawag-EPFL.
  • Kirk, L. A. , C. R. Tyler , C. M. Lye , and J. P. Sumpter . 2002. Changes in estrogenic and androgenic activities at different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment works. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:972–979.
  • Knopp, G. , C. Prasse , T. A. Ternes , and P. Cornel . 2016. Elimination of micropollutants and transformation products from a wastewater treatment plant effluent through pilot scale ozonation followed by various activated carbon and biological filters. Water Res 100:580–592.
  • Kostich, M. , R. Flick , and J. Martinson . 2013. Comparing predicted estrogen concentrations with measurements in US waters. Environ Pollut 178:271–277.
  • Kunz, P. Y. , C. Kienle , M. Carere , N. Homazava , and R. Kase . 2015. In vitro bioassays to screen for endocrine active pharmaceuticals in surface and waste waters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 106:107–115.
  • Kunz, P. Y. , E. Simon , N. Creusot , B. S. Jayasinghe , C. Kienle , S. Maletz , A. Schifferli , C. Schönlau , S. Aït-Aïssa , N. D. Denslow , H. Hollert , I. Werner , and E. L. M. Vermeirssen . 2017. Effect-based tools for monitoring estrogenic mixtures: Evaluation of five in vitro bioassays. Water Res 110:378–388.
  • Lee, Y. , and U. Von Gunten . 2016. Advances in predicting organic contaminant abatement during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluent: Reaction kinetics, transformation products, and changes of biological effects. Environ Sci-Water Res Technol 2:421–422.
  • Li, A. , Z. Chen , Q. Y. Wu , M. H. Huang , Z. Y. Liu , P. Chen , L. C. Mei , and H. Y. Hu . 2016. Study on the removal of benzisothiazolinone biocide and its toxicity: The effectiveness of ozonation. Chem Eng J 300:376–383.
  • Liu, Z. H. , G. N. Lu , H. Yin , and Z. Dang . 2015. Do we underestimate the concentration of estriol in raw municipal wastewater? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:4753–4758.
  • Magdeburg, A. , D. Stalter , M. Schlusener , T. Ternes , and J. Oehlmann . 2014. Evaluating the efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment: target analysis of organic contaminants and (geno-)toxicity assessment tell a different story. Water Res 50:35–47.
  • Maier, D. , L. Blaha , J. P. Giesy , A. Henneberg , H. R. Kohler , B. Kuch , R. Osterauer , K. Peschke , D. Richter , M. Scheurer , and R. Triebskorn . 2015. Biological plausibility as a tool to associate analytical data for micropollutants and effect potentials in wastewater, surface water, and sediments with effects in fishes. Water Res 72:127–144.
  • Maletz, S. , T. Floehr , S. Beier , C. Klumper , A. Brouwer , P. Behnisch , E. Higley , J. P. Giesy , M. Hecker , W. Gebhardt , V. Linnemann , J. Pinnekamp , and H. Hollert . 2013. In vitro characterization of the effectiveness of enhanced sewage treatment processes to eliminate endocrine activity of hospital effluents. Water Res 47:1545–1557.
  • Margot, J. , C. Kienle , A. Magnet , M. Weil , L. Rossi , L. F. de Alencastro , C. Abegglen , D. Thonney , N. Chevre , M. Scharer , and D. A. Barry . 2013. Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon? Sci Total Environ 461–462:480–498.
  • Maus, C. , H. Herbst , S. Ante , H.-P. Becker , W. Glathe , A. Börgers , and J. Türk . 2014. Hinweise zur Auslegung und Design von Ozonanlagen zur Mikroschadstoffelimination. KA 11 2014:99–1006.
  • Michael, I. , L. Rizzo , C. S. McArdell , C. M. Manaia , C. Merlin , T. Schwartz , C. Dagot , and D. Fatta-Kassinos . 2013. Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: A review. Water Res 47:957–995.
  • Mišík, M. , S. Knasmueller , F. Ferk , M. Cichna-Markl , T. Grummt , H. Schaar , and N. Kreuzinger . 2011. Impact of ozonation on the genotoxic activity of tertiary treated municipal wastewater. Water Res 45:3681–3691.
  • Morasch, B. , F. Bonvin , H. Reiser , D. Grandjean , L. F. de Alencastro , C. Perazzolo , N. Chèvre , and T. Kohn . 2010. Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part II: Micropollutant removal between wastewater and raw drinking water. EnvironToxicol Chem 29:1658–1668.
  • Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth 65:55–63.
  • Neale, P. A. , N. A. Munz , S. Ait-Aissa , R. Altenburger , F. Brion , W. Busch , B. I. Escher , K. Hilscherova , C. Kienle , J. Novak , T. B. Seiler , Y. Shao , C. Stamm , and J. Hollender . 2017. Integrating chemical analysis and bioanalysis to evaluate the contribution of wastewater effluent on the micropollutant burden in small streams. Sci Total Environ 576:785–795.
  • OECD . 2010. Test No. 487: In vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test . Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD . 2011. Test No. 201: Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test . Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Pal, A. , K. Y.-H. Gin , A. Y.-C. Lin , and M. Reinhard . 2010. Impacts of emerging organic contaminants on freshwater resources: Review of recent occurrences, sources, fate and effects. Sci Total Environ 408:6062–6069.
  • Peschke, K. , J. Geburzi , H. R. Kohler , K. Wurm , and R. Triebskorn . 2014. Invertebrates as indicators for chemical stress in sewage-influenced stream systems: toxic and endocrine effects in gammarids and reactions at the community level in two tributaries of Lake Constance, Schussen and Argen. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 106:115–125.
  • Rechenberg, B. 2015. Organische Mikroverunreinigungen in Gewässern. Vierte Reinigungsstufe für weniger Einträge. Umweltbundesamt. Dessau-Roßlau .
  • Richardson, S. D. , and S. Y. Kimura . 2016. Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal. Chem 88:546–582.
  • Roberts, J. , P. A. Bain , A. Kumar , C. Hepplewhite , D. J. Ellis , A. G. Christy , and S. G. Beavis . 2015. Tracking multiple modes of endocrine activity in Australia’s largest inland sewage treatment plant and effluent- receiving environment using a panel of in vitro bioassays. Environ Toxicol Chem 34:2271–2281.
  • Routledge, E. J. , and J. P. Sumpter . 1996. Estrogenic activity of surfactants and some of their degradation products assessed using a recombinant yeast screen. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:241–248.
  • Sapozhnikova, Y. , M. Hedgespeth , E. Wirth , and M. Fulton . 2011. Analysis of selected natural and synthetic hormones by LC-MS-MS using the US EPA method 1694. Anal Meth 3:1079–1086.
  • Schindler Wildhaber, Y. , H. Mestankova , M. Scharer , K. Schirmer , E. Salhi , and U. von Gunten . 2015. Novel test procedure to evaluate the treatability of wastewater with ozone. Water Res 75:324–335.
  • Schlüter-Vorberg, L. , C. Prasse , T. A. Ternes , H. Mückter , and A. Coors . 2015. Toxification by transformation in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment: The antiviral drug acyclovir. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett 2:342–346.
  • Schmidt, T. C. , S. Kowal , A. Boergers , E. Dopp , C. Erger , W. Gebhardt , L. Gehrmann , M. Hammers-Wirtz , H. Herbst , M. Kasper-Sonnenberg , V. Linnemann , H. Lutze , S. Lyko , A. Magdeburg , C. Maus , C. Portner , J. Richard , and J. Tuerk 2014. Abschlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben „Metabolitenbildung beim Einsatz von Ozon – Phase 2“ gerichtet an das Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (MKULNV), AZ IV-7-042 600 001J.
  • Shore, L. S. , and M. Shemesh . 2003. Naturally produced steroid hormones and their release into the environment. Pure Appl Chem 75:1859–1871.
  • Sperlich, A. , and R. Gnirß 2016. Forschungsergebnisse zur weitergehenden Abwasserreinigung (Teil 2). Accessed April 7 2017. Available from: http://www.wwt-online.de/sites/default/files/fachartikel/wwt0616-aw-gnirss-t2.pdf
  • Tavazzi, S. , S. Comero , M. Ricci , M. Paracchini , G. Mariani , and B. M. Gawlik 2016. Water framework directive. Watch list method. Analysis of 17ß-estradiol and estrone. Validation report according to ISO 17025 requirements. JRC Technical Reports, EUR 27970 EN .
  • Thalmann, B. , A. Voegelin , U. Von Gunten , R. Behra , E. Morgenroth , and R. Kaegi . 2015. Effect of ozone treatment on nano-sized silver sulfide in wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol 49:10911–10919.
  • Tuerk, J. , B. Sayder , A. Boergers , H. Vitz , T. K. Kiffmeyer , and S. Kabasci . 2010. Efficiency, costs and benefits of AOPs for removal of pharmaceuticals from the water cycle. Water Sci Technol 61:985–993.
  • Valitalo, P. , N. Perkola , T.-B. Seiler , M. E. Sillanpaa , J. Kuckelkorn , A. Mikola , H. Hollert , and E. Schultz . 2016. Estrogenic activity in Finnish municipal wastewater effluents. Water Res 88:740–749.
  • Von Gunten, U. , and J. Hoigne . 1994. Bromate formation during ozonization of bromide-containing waters: Interaction of ozone and hydroxyl radical reactions. Environ Sci Technol 28:1234–1242.
  • VSA . 2017. Accessed January 27 2017. https://www.micropoll.ch/aktuell/.
  • Vymazal, J. , T. Brezinova , and M. Kozeluh . 2015. Occurrence and removal of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone in three constructed wetlands treating municipal sewage in the Czech Republic. Sci Total Environ 536:625–631.
  • Walsh, G. E. , L. H. Bahner , and W. B. Horning . 1980. Toxicity of textile mill effluents to freshwater and estuarine algae, crustaceans and fishes. Environ Pollut Ser A 21:169–179.
  • Wu, F. , Y. Fang , Y. Li , X. Cui , R. Zhang , G. Guo , and J. P. Giesy . 2014. Predicted no-effect concentration and risk assessment for 17-[beta]-estradiol in waters of China. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 228:31–56.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.