Evaluation of cytotoxic potential, oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of organic extracts of Pityrocarpa moniliformis

References

• Abdelmigid, H. M. 2013. New trends in genotoxicity testing of herbal medicinal plants. In New insights into toxicity and drug testing, ed.. S. Gowder, 89–120. Rijeka: InTech. doi:10.5772/54858.
   Google Scholar
• Aguiar, G. L. M., J. H. P. M. Barreto, L. R. Morais, and A. R. Da Silva Filho. 2008. Anatomic study of the splenic artery segmentation. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 35:311–14. doi:10.1590/S0100-69912008000500007.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Faifi, Z. I., Y. S. Masrahi, M. S. Aly, T. A. Al-Turki, and T. Dardeer. 2017. Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Euphorbia triaculeata Forssk. extract. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 18:771–77. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.3.771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida, C. F. C. B. R., E. L. C. Amorim, U. P. Albuquerque, and M. B. S. Maia. 2006. Medicinal plants popularly used in the Xingó region – A semi-arid location in Northeastern Brazil. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2:1–7. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, C. F. C. B. R., T. C. Lima E Silva, E. L. C. Amorim, M. B. D. S. Maia, and U. P. Albuquerque. 2005. Life strategy and chemical composition as predictors of the selection of medicinal plants from the caatinga (Northeast Brazil). J. Arid Environ. 62:127–42. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arii, S., and M. Imamura. 2000. Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and kupffer cells and their implication in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Journal Of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery 7:40–48. doi:10.1007/s005340050152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arii, S., and M. Imamura. 2000. Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells and their implication in the pathogenesis of liver injury. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 7:40–48. doi:10.1007/s005340050152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bacchi, E. M. 1995. Controle de qualidade de fitoterápicos. In Plantas medicinais brasileiras: Arte e Ciência: Um guia de estudo interdisciplinar, ed. L. C. Di Stasi (Org.), 231. São Paulo: UNESP.
   Google Scholar
• Bhargava, S., T. Patel, R. Gaikwad, U. K. Patil, and S. Gayen. 2017. Identification of structural requirements and prediction of inhibitory activity of natural flavonoids against Zika virus through molecular docking and Monte Carlo based QSAR simulation. Nat. Prod. Res. 6419:1–7. doi:10.1080/14786419.2017.1413574.
   Google Scholar
• Boscolo, O. H., and L. S. Valle. 2008. Plantas de uso medicinal em Quissamã. Iheringia 63:263–77.
   Google Scholar
• Cerqueira, F., A. C. Silva, N. Aráujo, H. Cidade, A. Kijjoa, and M. S. J. Nascimento. 2003. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by prenylated flavones; Artelastin as a potent inhibitor. Life Sci. 73:2321–34. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00627-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirumbolo, S. 2010. The role of quercetin, flavonols and flavones in modulating inflammatory cell function. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets 9:1–23. doi:10.2174/187152810793358741.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, M. M. 2003. Cytology of the spleen. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 33:135–52. doi:10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00082-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, I. D. D. S., C. J. C. L. Neto, T. G. S. Souza, M. A. Silva, C. A. Chagas, and K. R. P. Santos. 2018. Protective effect of exogenous melatonin in rats and their offspring on the genotoxic response induced by the chronic consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 18:52–60. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.06.018.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A. R., A. A. Oscoz, G. Brunborg, I. Gaivão, L. Giovannelli, M. Kruszewski, C. C. Smith, and R. Štětina. 2008. The comet assay: Topical issues. Mutagen. 23:143–51. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, C. H., G. L. Braga, and P. S. Bonato. 2006. Fundamentos de cromatografia, 452 p. Campinas: UNICAMP.
   Google Scholar
• Cyboran, S., P. Strugała, A. Włoch, J. Oszmiański, and H. Kleszczyńska. 2015. Concentrated green tea supplement: Biological activity and molecular mechanisms. Life Sci. 126:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamantino, G. M. L. 2018. Fotossensibilização por Brachiaria ruziziensis em ovinos: Avaliações clínica, patológica, micológica e fitoquímica por LC-MS/MS, 98f. Belo Horizonte: Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
   Google Scholar
• Düsman, E., I. V. D. Almeida, A. C. Coelho, T. J. Balbi, L. T. Düsman Tonin, and V. E. P. Vicentini. 2013. Antimutagenic effect of medicinal plants Achillea millefolium and Bauhinia forficata in vivo. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013:1–6. doi:10.1155/2013/893050.
   Google Scholar
• Eguchi, H., P. A. McCuskey, and R. S. McCuskey. 1991. Kupffer cell activity and hepatic microvascular events after acute ethanol ingestion in mice. Hepatol. 13:751–57. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1527-3350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endale, M., S. C. Park, S. Kim, S. H. Kim, Y. Yang, J. Y. Cho, and M. H. Rhee. 2013. Quercetin disrupts tyrosine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and myeloid differentiation factor-88 association, and inhibits MAPK/AP-1 and IKK/NF-κB-induced inflammatory mediators production in RAW 264.7 cells. Immunobiology 218:1452–67. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, G., S. O. Hübner, G. D. Vargas, and T. Vidor. 2008. Imunomodulação pela própolis. Arq. Inst. Biol. 75:247–53.
   Google Scholar
• Fonseca, M. A. Fragmentação, conservação e restauração da caatinga. 2017. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Centro de Biociências, 103f. Natal: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.
   Google Scholar
• França, I. S. X. D., J. A. Souza, R. S. Baptista, and V. R. D. S. Britto. 2008. Medicina popular: Benefícios e malefícios das plantas medicinais. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 61:201–08. doi:10.1590/S0034-71672008000200009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franco, E. S., M. E. B. Mélo, G. C. G. Militão, R. E. T. Rocha, L. T. G. A. Silva, B. J. A. Jatobá, P. B. N. Silva, A. L. B. D. Santana, A. A. R. Silva, T. G. Silva, et al. 2015. Evaluation of the acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of Chresta martii (Asteraceae). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 78:1083–93. doi:10.1080/15287394.2014.1004007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gontijo, D. C., M. A. N. Diaz, G. C. Brandao, P. C. Gontijo, A. B. De Oliveira, L. G. Feitto, and J. P. V. Leite. 2018. Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of aequeous extractvfrom leaves of Alchornea glandulosa. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 81:805–18. doi:10.1080/15287394.2018.1492479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães, A. G., M. R. Serafini, and L. J. Quintans-Júnior. 2014. Terpenes and derivatives as a new perspective for pain treatment: A patent review. Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 24:243–65. doi:10.1517/13543776.2014.870154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havsteen, B. H. 2002. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 96:67–202. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, M., R. R. Tice, J. T. MacGregor, D. Anderson, D. H. Blakey, M. Kirsh-Volders, F. B. Oleson, F. Pacchierotti, F. Romagna, and H. Shimada. 1994. In vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Mutat. Res. Environ. Mutagen. Relat. Subj. 312:293–304. doi:10.1016/0165-1161(94)90039-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, Y., N. W. Bethea, E. R. Abril, and R. S. McCuskey. 2003. Early hepatic microvascular injury in response to acetaminophen toxicity. Microcirc. 10:391–400. doi:10.1038/sj.mn.7800204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesus, N. Z. T., I. F. Silva Júnior, J. C. S. Lima, E. M. Colodel, and D. T. O. Martins. 2012. Hippocratic screening and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of the methanol extract of Vatairea macrocarpa heartwood in rodents. Braz. J. Pharmacog. 22:1308–14. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000090.
   Google Scholar
• Khajanchi, S., and S. Banerjee. 2017. Quantifying the role of immunotherapeutic drug T11 target structure in progression of malignant gliomas: Mathematical modeling and dynamical perspective. Math Biosci. 289:69–77. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2017.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaassen, C. D. 2007. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: The basic science of poisons. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Kolios, G., V. Valatas, and E. Kouroumalis. 2006. Role of Kupffer cells in the pathogenesis of liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 12:7413–20. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larcher, W. 2004. Ecofisiologia Vegetal, 531. São Caarlos: RiMa.
   Google Scholar
• Leal, I. R., J. D. Silva, M. Tabarelli, and T. E. Lacher Jr. 2005. Mudando o curso da conservação da biodiversidade na Caatinga do Nordeste do Brasil. Megadiversidade 1:139–46.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., X. Yan, J. Bi, J. Liu, M. Zhou, X. Wu, and Q. Chen. 2018. Determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities from peel, flesh, seed of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Electrophoresis 39:1654–62. doi:10.1002/elps.201700479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckey, S. W., and D. R. Petersen. 2001. Activation of Kupffer cells during the course of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 71:226–40. doi:10.1006/exmp.2001.2399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinho, K. S., N. Do, E. A. Antonio, C. V. N. S. Silva, K. T. da Silva, V. É. W. Teixeira, F. C. A. de Aguiar Júnior, K. R. R. P. dos Santos, N. H. da Silva, and N. P. S. Santos. 2017. Hepatic toxicity caused by PLGA-microspheres containing usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata (AHTI) during pregnancy in Wistar rats. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 89:1073–84. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias, F. A. S. M. 2018. A contribuição de sistemas de associação de adjuvantes no aumento da eficácia vacinal de dois novos imunobiológicos contra a infecção experimental por Leishmania infantum em camundongos Balb/c, 112f. Minas Gerais: Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.
   Google Scholar
• Mendonça, L. M., G. C. dos Santos, R. A. dos Santos, C. S. Takahashi, L. M. Bianchi, and L. M. Antunes. 2010. Evaluation of curcumin and cisplatin-induced DNA damage in PC12 cells by the alkaline comet assay. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 29:635–43. doi:10.1177/0960327109358731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneguelli, A. Z., S. B. Ribeiro, G. Alves, L. Júnior, E. D. O. Spirotto, J. Henrique, and S. G. De. 2017. A utilização de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos na saúde pública brasileira. Revista de Enfermagem e Saúde Coletiva 1:2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, A., P. C. B. Alexandre, J. de Rezende Chrisman, S. B. Markowitz, R. J. Koifman, and S. Koifman. 2011. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case-control study based on death certificates. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 214:151–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, E., C. Kandaswami, and C. Theoharides. 2000. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 52:673–751.
   Google Scholar
• Mikropoulou, E. V., K. Vougogiannopoulou, E. Kalpoutzakis, A. D. Sklirou, Z. Skaperda, J. Houriet, J. L. Wolfender, I. P. Trougakos, D. Kouretas, M. Halabalaki, et al. 2018. Phytochemical composition of the decoctions of Greek edible greens (chórta) and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Mol. 23:1–16. doi:10.3390/molecules23071541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro, J. M., U. P. Albuquerque, E. L. Araujo, and E. L. C. Amorim. 2005. Taninos: Uma abordagem da química à ecologia. Química Nova 28:892–96. doi:10.1590/S0100-40422005000500029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 65:55–63. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura, P. A. 2015. Screening das atividades antioxidantes e anticoagulantes de plantas do bioma Caatinga, 79f. Recife: Dissertação (Mestrado em Cências Biológicas) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016. Test no. 474: Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 4. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264264762-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD/OCDE 2008. Acute oral toxicity – up-and-down-procedure (UDP). OECD Guidelines Test. Chem. 425:1–27. doi:10.1787/9789264203785-en.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, A. M., M. F. Nascimento, M. R. A. Ferreira, D. F. Moura, T. G. De, Souza, S. Dos, G. C. Silva, E. H. Da, Ramos, S. Da, P. M. G. Paiva, et al. 2016. Evaluation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and inhibitory effect on acute inflammation of an ethanol extract of Morus alba L. (Moraceae) in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 194:162–68. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono, M., B. Yu, E. G. Hardison, M. A. A. Mastrangelo, and D. J. Tweardy. 2004. Increased susceptibility to liver injury after hemorrhagic shock in rats chronically fed ethanol: Role of nuclear factor-κB, interleukin-6, and granulocyte colony- stimulating factor. Shock 21:519–25. doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000126905.75237.07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz, K., R. A. Lopes, M. A. Sala, C. Friedrichi, and M. Semprini. 2005. Hepatotoxicity of medicinal plants. XXI. action of Mikania hirsutissima D.C. infusion in rats. Regalosch Investigação - Revista Científica da Universidade de Franca 5:78–85.
   Google Scholar
• Prado, D. E. 2003. As caatingas da América do Sul. In Ecologia e conservação da caatinga, ed. I. R. Leal, M. Tabarelli, and J. M. C. Silva. Recife: Editora Universitária da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. 3
   Google Scholar
• Purchase, I. F. H., P. A. Botham, L. H. Bruner, O. P. Flint, J. M. Frazier, and W. S. Stokes. 1998. Workshop overview: Scientific and regulatory challenges for the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals in toxicity testing. Toxicol. Sci. 43:86–101. doi:10.1006/toxs.1998.2450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quílez, J., P. García-Lorda, and J. Salas-Salvado. 2003. Potential uses and benefits of phytosterols in diet: Present situation and future directions. Clin. Nutr. 22:343–51. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(03)00060-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rody, H. V. S., R. C. Gontijo, V. P. M. Coelho, M. C. Ventrella, R. M. de Padua, L. G. Fietto, and J. P. V. Leite. 2018. Mutagenic activity and chemical composition of phenolic-rich extracts of leaves fron two species of Ficus medicinal plants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 81:862–72. doi:10.1080/15287394.2018.1498420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, A. M. R., C. M. Motta, E. C. A. Souza, and S. G. Moraes. 2010. Análise histomorfológica do fígado de ratas e de seus fetos/Histomorphological analysis of livers of rats and their fetuses. Revista da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Sorocaba 12:10–14.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, N. P., S. C. Nascimento, J. F. Silva, E. C. G. Pereira, N. H. Silva, N. K. Honda, and N. S. Santos-Magalhães. 2005. Usnic acid-loaded nanocapsules: An evaluation of cytotoxicity. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 15:355–61. doi:10.1016/S1773-2247(05)50065-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar, M. W., A. Riaz, S. M. R. Dilshad, A. Al-Qahtani, M. S. Nawaz-Ul-Rehman, and M. Mubin. 2018. Structure activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies showed plant flavonoids as potential inhibitors of dengue NS2B-NS3 protease. BMC Struct. Biol. 18:1–10. doi:10.1186/s12900-018-0084-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shandukani, P. D., S. C. Tshidino, P. Masoko, and K. M. Moganedi. 2018. Antibacterial activity and in situ efficacy of Bidens pilosa Linn and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn extracts against common diarrhoea-causing waterborne bacteria. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 18:1–10. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2230-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, C. G., M. G. V. Marinho, M. F. A. Lucena, and J. G. M. Costa. 2015. Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em área de Caatinga na comunidade do Sítio Nazaré, município de Milagres, Ceará, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med. 17:133–42. doi:10.1590/1983-084X/12_055.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, L. C. N., C. A. Silva, R. M. Souza, A. José Macedo, M. V. Silva, and M. T. Santos Correia. 2011. Comparative analysis of the antioxidant and DNA protection capacities of Anadenanthera colubrina, Libidibia ferrea and Pityrocarpa moniliformis fruits. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49:2222–28. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, M. F. S. 2013. Estudo Químico e Avaliação da Atividade Antibacteriana de Pityrocarpa moniliformis (BENTH) LUCKON & R. W. JOBSON (Fabaceae), 147. Petrolina-Pe: Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Mestrado em Recursos Naturais Do Semiárido.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, N. L. C., J. Messias Sandes, M. M. Paiva, J. M. Araújo, R. C. B. Q. Figueiredo, M. V. Silva, and M. T. D. S. Correia. 2013. Anti-Staphylococcus aureus action of three Caatinga fruits evaluated by electron microscopy. Nat. Prod. Res. 27:1492–96. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.722090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M., and D. T. O’Hagan. 2003. Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Int. J. Parasitol. 33:469–78. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00053-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, C. S. V. 2017. Avaliação da atividade antiobesidade do extrato aquoso dos frutos de Libidibia ferrea (Mart.) L.P. Queiroz EM RATOS WISTAR, 86f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia do Centro de Ciências da Saúde), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco.
   Google Scholar
• Tice, R. R., E. Agurell, D. Anderson, B. Burlinson, A. Hartmann, H. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamae, E. Rojas, J. C. Ryu, and Y. F. Sasaki. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: Guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35:206–21. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, O. J. M., E. L. Macedo, E. R. G. Picciani, P. M. S. Nunes, J. V. G. Costa, A. B. Carvalho, and P. S. Lobato Júnior. 2000. Histological study of splenic regeneration in rats underwent to subtotal splenectomy. Acta Cir. Bras. 15:107–13. doi:10.1590/S0102-86502000000200006.
   Google Scholar
• Trentin, D. S., D. B. Silva, A. P. Frasson, O. Rzhepishevska, M. V. Silva, E. L. Pulcini, G. James, G. V. Soares, T. Tasca, and M. Ramstedt. 2015. Natural green coating inhibits adhesion of clinically important bacteria. Sci. Rep. 5:1–10. doi:10.1038/srep08287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsui, H., and S. Nishiguchi. 2014. Importance of Kupffer cells in the development of acute liver injuries in mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15:7711–30. doi:10.3390/ijms15057711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttis, K., D. L. M. G. da Costa, H. L. Nunes, A. F. L. Specian, J. M. Serpeloni, L. C. dos Santos, E. A. Varanda, W. Viegas, W. Martinez-Lopez, and I. M. S. Collus. 2018. Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radik extract: Flavonoids quantification and chemopreventive effect on HepG2 cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 81:792–804. doi:10.1080/15287394.2018.1491911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbunzeiro, G. A., and D. A. Roubicek. 2006. Genotoxicidade ambiental. In Ecotoxicologia Aquática: Princípios e Aplicações, ed. P. A. Zagatto and E. Bertoletti, 327–46. 2nd ed. São Carlos: RiMa.
   Google Scholar
• Varanda, E. A. 2006. Atividade mutagênica de plantas medicinais. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Báscia e Aplicada 27:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Vardanega, R. 2013. Obtenção de saponinas de raízes de ginseng brasileiro (Pfaffia glomerata) por extração dinâmica a baixa pressão assistida por ultrassom, 124f. Campinas: Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Alimentos), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
   Google Scholar
• Verschaeve, L., H. Edziri, R. Anthonissen, D. Boujnah, F. Skhiri, H. Chehab, M. Aouni, and M. Mastouri. 2017. In vitro Toxicity and genotoxic activity of aqueous leaf extracts from four varieties of Olea europea (L). Pharmacogn. Mag. 13:6368. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.203980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, A. I. 2002. Análise Química Quantitativa. 6th ed ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora LTC.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, H., S. Bladt, and E. M. Zgainsky. 1984. Plant drug analysis: A thin layer chromatography atlas, 320. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02398-3.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, L., E. Guan, Y. Zhang, Z. Shu, B. Wang, X. Wu, J. Chen, J. Liu, X. Fu, and W. Sun. 2018. Chemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. Iranian J. Pharm. Res. 17:726–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, H. Y., S. O. K. Kim, C. Y. Jin, G. Y. Kim, W. J. Kim, Y. H. Yoo, and Y. H. Choi. 2014. b-Lapachone induced apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma AGS cells is caspase-dependent and regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biomol. Ther. 22:184–92. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2014.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuniati, Y., N. Hasanah, S. Ismail, S. Anitasari, and S. Paramita. 2018. Antibacterial activity of Dracontomelon Dao extracts on methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (Mrsa) and E. Coli multiple drug resistance (Mdr). Afr. J. Infect. Dis. 12:62–67. doi:10.2101/Ajid.12v1S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar