Effects of exercise exposure on toxic interactions between inhaled oxidant and aldehyde air pollutants

References

• Adams , W. C. and Schelegle , E. S. 1983 . Ozone and high ventilation effects on pulmonary function and endurance performance . J. Appl. Physiol. , 55 : 805 – 812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarie , Y. 1973 . Sensory irritation by airborne chemicals . CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 2 : 299 – 363 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amdur , M. O. 1960 . The response of guinea pigs to inhalation of formaldehyde and formic acid alone and with a sodium chloride aerosol . Int. J. Air Pollut. , 3 : 201 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altshuller , A. P. , Miller , D. and Sleva , S. 1961 . Determination of formaldehyde in gas mixtures by the chromotropic acid method . Anal. Chem. , 33 : 621 – 625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bils , R. F. and Christie , B. R. 1980 . The experimental pathology of oxidant and air pollutant inhalation . Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. , 21 : 195 – 293 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley , L. A. , Jiang , X. Z. , James , R. A. , Morgan , K. T. and Barrow , C. S. 1984 . Respiratory tract lesions induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 74 : 417 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , J. C. F. , Steinhagen , W. H. and Barrow , C. S. 1981 . Effect of single or repeated formaldehyde exposure on minute volume of B6C3F1 mice and F‐344 rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 61 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , J. C. F. , Gross , E. A. , Swenberg , J. A. and Barrow , C. S. 1983 . Nasal cavity deposition, histopathology, and cell proliferation after single or repeated formaldehyde exposures in B6C3F1 mice and F‐344 rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 68 : 161 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz‐Drive , L M. and Weibel , E. R. 1981 . Sampling designs for stereology . J. Microsc. , 122 : 235 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLucia , A. J. and Adams , W. C. 1977 . Effects of O3 inhalation during exercise on pulmonary function and blood biochemistry . J. Appl. Physiol. , 43 : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle , W. M. and Gage , J. C. 1955 . The toxicity of ozone in the presence of oxides of nitrogen . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 12 : 60 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egle , J. L. 1972 . Retention of inhaled formaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acrolein in the dog . Arch. Environ. Health , 25 : 119 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich , R. , Findlay , J. C. , Fenters , J. D. and Gardner , D. E. 1977 . Health effect of short‐term inhalation on nitrogen dioxide and ozone mixtures . Environ. Res. , 14 : 223 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , M. J. 1984 . Oxidant gases . Environ. Health Perspect. , 55 : 85 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folinsbee , L. J. , Drinkwater , B. L. , Bedi , J. F. and Horvath , S. M. 1978 . “ The influence of exercise on the pulmonary function changes due to exposure to low concentrations of ozone ” . In Environmental Stress , Edited by: Folinsbee , L. J. , Wagner , J. A. , Borgia , J. F. , Drinkwater , B. L. , Gliner , J. A. and Bedi , J. F. 125 – 145 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Folinsbee , L. J. , Bedi , J. F. and Horvath , S. M. 1981 . Combined effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on respiratory function in man . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 42 : 534 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , D. E. , Illing , J. W. , Miller , F. U. and Coffin , D. L. 1974 . Enhancement of effect of exposure of O3 and NO2 by exercise . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 29 : 129 – 130 . (abstr.)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , B. O. 1976 . Combined exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide . Environ. Health Perspect. , 13 : 107 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , J. A. , Gardner , D. E. , Blommer , E. J. , House , D. E. , Menache , M. G. and Miller , F. J. 1987 . Influence of exposure patterns of nitrogen dioxide and modifications by ozone on susceptibility to bacterial infectious disease in mice . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 21 : 113 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackney , J. D. , Linn , W. S. , Mohler , J. G. , Pedersen , E. E. , Breisacher , P. and Russo , A. 1975 . Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants . Arch. Environ. Health , 30 : 379 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck , H. d'A. , Chin , T. Y. and Schmitz , M. C. 1983 . “ Distribution of (14C) formaldehyde in rats after inhalation exposure ” . In Formaldehyde Toxicity , Edited by: Gibson , J. E. 26 – 37 . Washington, D.C. : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger , R. J. and Gearhart , J. M. 1982 . Respiratory and metabolic response of rats and mice to formalin vapor . Toxicology , 25 : 299 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane , L. E. and Alarie , Y. 1977 . Sensory irritation to formaldehyde and acrolein during single and repeated exposures in mice . Am. Ind. Hyg. J. , 38 : 509 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagawa , J. 1983 . Respriatory effects of two‐hour exposure with intermittent exercise to ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide alone and in combination in normal subjects . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 44 : 14 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , M. 1977 . Methods of Air Sampling Analysis , 300 – 307 . Washington, D.C. : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Last , J. A. , Gerriets , J. E. and Hyde , D. M. 1983 . Synergistic effects on rat lungs of mixtures of oxidant air pollutants (ozone and nitrogen dioxide) and respirable aerosols . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 128 : 539 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Last , J. A. , Hyde , D. M. and Chang , D. P. Y. 1984 . A mechanism of synergistic lung damage by ozone and a respirable aerosol . Exp. Lung Res. , 7 : 223 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Last , J. A. , Hyde , D. M. , Guth , D. J. and Warren , D. L. 1986 . Synergistic interaction of ozone and respirable aerosols on rat lungs. 1. Importance of aerosol acidity . Toxicology , 39 : 247 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , L. Y. , Dumont , C. , Djokic , T. D. , Menzel , T. E. and Nadel , J. A. 1979 . Mechanism of rapid, shallow breathing after ozone exposure in conscious dogs . J. Appl. Physiol. , 46 : 1108 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , L. Y. , Djokic , T. D. , Dumont , D. , Graf , T. D. and Nadel , J. A. 1980 . Mechanism of ozone‐induced tachypneic response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in conscious dogs . J. Appl. Physiol. , 48 : 163 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maronpot , R. R. , Miller , R. A. , Clarke , W. J. , Westerburg , R. B. , Decker , J. R. and Moss , O. R. 1986 . Toxicity of formaldehyde vapor in B6C3F1 mice exposed for 13 weeks . Toxicology , 41 : 253 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautz , W. J. , McClure , T. R. , Reischl , P. , Phalen , R. F. and Crocker , T. T. 1985a . Enhancement of ozone‐induced lung injury by exercise . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 16 : 841 – 854 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautz , W. J. , Phalen , R. F. , McClure , T. R. and Bufalino , C. 1985b . A rodent treadmill for inhalation toxicological studies and respirometry . J. Appl. Physiol. , 58 : 673 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure , T. R. , Diller , P. J. and Phalen , R. F. 1982 . An airway perfusion apparatus for whole lung fixation . Lab. Anim. Sci. , 32 : 195 – 196 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonnell , W. F. , Horstman , D. H. , Hazucha , M. J. , Seal , E. , Haak , E. D. , Salaam , S. A. and House , D. E. 1983 . Pulmonary effects of ozone exposure during exercise: Dose response characteristics . J. Appl. Physiol. , 54 : 1345 – 1352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. T. , Patterson , D. L. and Gross , E. A. 1986a . Rsponse of the nasal mucociliary apparatus of F‐344 rats to formaldehyde gas . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 82 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. T. , Gross , E. A. and Patterson , D. L. 1986b . Distribution progression, and recovery of acute formaldehyde‐induced inhibition of nasal mucociliary function in F‐344 rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 86 : 448 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. T. , Jiang , X. , Starr , T. B. and Kearns , W. D. 1986c . More precise localization of nasal tumors associated with chronic exposure of F‐344 rats to formaldehyde gas . Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. , 82 : 264 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustafa , M. G. , Elsayed , N. M. , von Dohlen , F. M. , Hassett , C. M. , Postlethwait , E. M. , Quinn , C. L. , Graham , J. A. and Gardner , D. E. 1984 . A comparison of biochemical effects of nitrogen dioxide, ozone and their combination in mouse lung. 1. Intermittant exposures . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 72 : 82 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osebold , J. W. , Gershwin , L. J. and Zee , Y. C. 1980 . Studies on the enhancement of allergic lung sensitization by inhalation of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 3 : 221 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts , J. N. 1983 . Formation and fate of gaseous and paniculate mutagens and carcinogens in real and simulated atmosphere . Environ. Health Perspect. , 47 : 115 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenberg , J. A. , Gross , E. A. , Martin , J. and Popp , J. A. 1983 . “ Mechanisms of formaldehyde toxicity ” . In Formaldehyde Toxicity , Edited by: Gibson , J. E. 132 – 147 . Washington, D.C. : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , R. B. , Phalen , R. F. , Mannix , R. C. and Smart , G. L. 1982 . An aerosol and gas aging line suitable for use in inhalation toxicological research . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 43 : 218 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , H. , Fukase , O. and Isomura , K. 1980 . “ Combined effects of nitrogen oxides and ozone on mice ” . In Nitrogen Oxides and Their Effects on Health , Edited by: Lee , S. D. 181 – 189 . Ann Arbor , Mich. : Ann Arbor Science .
   Google Scholar
• Yokoyama , E. and Frank , R. 1972 . Respiratory uptake of ozone in dogs . Arch. Environ. Health , 25 : 132 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar