Recognizing and Treating Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Refugee Children

References

• Abdi, S. M. (2018). Mental health of migrant children. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.12
   Google Scholar
• Akthar, Z., & Lovell, A. (2019). Art therapy with refugee children: A qualitative study explored through the lens of art therapists and their experiences. International Journal of Art Therapy, 24(3), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/17454832.2018.1533571
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shawi, A. F., & Lafta, R. K. (2015). Effect of adverse childhood experiences on physical health in adulthood: Results of a study conducted in Baghdad city. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 22(2), 78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alayarian, A. (2018). Handbook of working with children, trauma, and resilience: An intercultural psychoanalytic view. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bellis, M. A., Lowey, H., Leckenby, N., Hughes, K. & Harrison, D. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences: Retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behavior and health outcomes in a UK population. Journal of Public Health, 36(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, M. A., Abdi, S. M., Miller, A. B., & Ellis, B. H. (2018). Trauma systems therapy for refugee children and families. In N. Morina & A. Nickerson (Eds.), Mental health of refugee and conflict-affected populations: Theory, research and clinical practice (pp. 243–259). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_12
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.68.5.748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R. A., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D., Suzuki, Y., Wessely, S., van Ommeren, M., & Reed, G. M. (2017). A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberg, P. M. (2009). Truth, human relatedness, and the analytic process: An interpersonal/relational perspective. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90(2), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2009.00137.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard university press.
   Google Scholar
• Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2019). Forced migration among latinx children and their families: Introducing trilateral migration trauma as a concept to reflect a forced migratory experience. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 18(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2019.1686742
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., Green, B. L., Alexander, P., Briere, J., & Van der Hart, O. (2012). The ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. https://www.istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ISTSS-Expert-Concesnsus-Guidelines-for-Complex-PTSD-Updated-060315.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 20706. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohodes, E. M., Kribakaran, S., Odriozola, P., Bakirci, S., McCauley, S., Hodges, H. R., Sisk, L. M., Zacharek, S. J., & Gee, D. G. (2021). Migration‐related trauma and mental health among migrant children emigrating from Mexico and Central America to the United States: Effects on developmental neurobiology and implications for policy. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(6), e22158. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., Cloitre, M., & Schnyder, U. (2020). Best practices in psychotherapy for adults. In J. D. Ford & C. A. Courtois (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders (2nd ed., pp. 62–98). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, B., Miller, A., Baldwin, H., & Abdi, S. (2011). New directions in refugee youth mental health services: Overcoming barriers to engagement. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2011.545047
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, M., & Betancourt, T. S. (2018). Preventive mental health interventions for refugee children and adolescents in high-income settings. The Lancet: Child & Adolescent Health, 2(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30147-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2014). Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frewen, P., Zhu, J., & Lanius, R. (2019). Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent non-traumatic stressors do not: results from an online survey study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1606625. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1606625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., & Patel, A. (2018). Culturally sensitive CBT for refugees: Key dimensions. In N. Morina & A. Nickerson (Eds.), Mental health of refugee and conflict-affected populations (pp. 201–219). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_9
   Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Vallières, F., McElroy, E., Elklit, A., Christoffersen, M., & Cloitre, M. (2017). Variation in post-traumatic response: The role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(6), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kananian, S., Ayoughi, S., Farugie, A., Hinton, D., & Stangier, U. (2017). Transdiagnostic culturally adapted CBT with Farsi-speaking refugees: A pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup2), 1390362. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1390362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplin, D., Parente K., & Santacroce, F. A. (2019). A Review of the Use of Trauma Systems Therapy to Treat Refugee Children, Adolescents, and Families. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 18(4), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2019.1687220
   Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J. I., & Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 trauma questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression & Anxiety, 36(9), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., & Horn, A. B. (2013). A socio‐interpersonal perspective on PTSD: The case for environments and interpersonal processes. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(6), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., Van Ommeren, M., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., & Saxena, S. (2013a). Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the international classification of diseases-11. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1683–1685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62191-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., & Reed, G. M. (2013b). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 12(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohlen, H., Parzer, P., Resch, F., & Brunner, R. (2005). Psychosocial support for war-traumatized child and adolescent refugees: Evaluation of a short-term treatment program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(1–2), 81. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01513.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnat, S. M., & Chandler, R. F. (2015). Long‐term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morina, N., Kuenburg, A., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., & Schick, M. (2018). The association of post-traumatic and postmigration stress with pain and other somatic symptoms: An explorative analysis in traumatized refugees and asylum seekers. Pain Medicine, 19(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, K. E., Davidson, G. R., & Schweitzer, R. D. (2010). Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2016). TST-R culture specific fact sheet.
   Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Elbert, T., & Schauer, M. (2018). Narrative exposure therapy (NET) as a treatment for traumatized refugees and post-conflict populations. In N. Morina & A. Nickerson (Eds.), Mental health of refugee and conflict-affected populations. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_9
   Google Scholar
• Porterfield, K., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., Benson, M. A., Betancourt, T., Heidi Ellis, B., Kia-Keating, M., & Miller, K. (2010). Resilience & recovery after war: Refugee children and families in the United States. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Schouten, K. A., van Hooren, S., Knipscheer, J. W., Kleber, R. J., & Hutschemaekers, G. J. (2019). Trauma-focused art therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(1), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1502712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass, L. L., Yamamoto, J., Frederick, C., Ton-that, N., Foy, D. W., Chan, L., Wu, J., Hahn, P. H., Shinh, D. Y., Nguyen, L. H., de Jonge, J., & Fairbanks, L. (1993). Vietnamese refugees with PTSD symptomatology: Intervention via a coping skills model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 569. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltan, F., Uphoff, E., Newson, R., Purgato, M., Taddese, H., Barbui, C., & Vanderbloemen, L. (2020). Community‐based interventions for improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high‐income countries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013657
   Google Scholar
• Spermon, D., Darlington, Y., & Gibney, P. (2010). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for complex trauma: Targets, focus, applications, and outcomes. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 3, 119. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S10215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strømme, E. M., Haj-Younes, J., Hasha, W., Fadnes, L. T., Kumar, B., Igland, J., & Diaz, E. (2020). Health status and use of medication and their association with migration related exposures among Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Norway: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8376-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar