Portraying the Political: National Geographic's 1985 Afghan Girl and a US Alibi for Aid

References

• Abu-Lughod , L. 2002 . Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflections on cultural relativism and its others . American Anthropologist , 104 ( 3 ) : 783 – 790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achebe , C. 1977 . An image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness . Massachusetts Review , 18 : 251 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Ansari , U. 2008 . “Should I go and pull her burqa off?” Feminist compulsions, insider consent, and a Return to Kandahar . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 25 ( 1 ) : 48 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayotte , K. and Husain , M. 2005 . Securing Afghan women: Neocolonialism, epistemic violence, and the rhetoric of the veil . NWSA Journal , 17 ( 3 ) : 112 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Bannon , A. 2005 . Steve McCurry , London : Phaidon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barthes , R. 1982 Camera lucida: Reflections on photography First American Paperback ed. New York : Hill & Wang
   Google Scholar
• Berlant , L. 1997 . The Queen of America goes to Washington City: Essays on sex and citizenship , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berlant , L. 1999 . “ The subject of true feeling: Pain, privacy, and politics ” . In Cultural pluralism, identity politics, and the law , Edited by: Sarat , A. and Kearns , T.R. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bhabha , H. 1983 . The other question-the stereotype and colonial desire . Screen , 24 ( 6 ) : 18 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyden , J. 1994 . Children's experience of conflict related emergencies: Some implications for relief policy and practice . Disasters , 18 ( 33 ) : 254 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burman , E. 1994 . Innocents abroad: Western fantasies of childhood and the iconography of emergencies . Disasters , 18 ( 33 ) : 238 – 253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnett , R. 2004 . How images think , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , K.L. 2004 . To veil the threat of terror: Afghan Women and the <Clash of Civilizations>in the imagery of the US War on Terrorism . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 90 ( 3 ) : 285 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad , J. and Kimbrough , R. 1988/1902 . Heart of Darkness: An authoritative text, backgrounds and sources, criticism , 3rd ed. , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Coll , S. 1992 Anatomy of a victory: CIA's covert Afghan war . Washington Post . Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/258/anatomy-of-a-victory-cias-covert-afghan-war
   Google Scholar
• Coll , S. 2004 . Ghost wars: The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001 , New York : Penguin Press .
   Google Scholar
• DeFrancisco , V.P. , LaWare , M.R. and Palczewski , C.H. 2003 . The home side of global feminism: Why hasn't the global found a home in the US? . Women and Language , 26 ( 1 ) : 100 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Denker , D. 1985 . Along Afghanistan's war-torn frontier . National Geographic , 167 ( 6 ) June : 772 – 797 .
   Google Scholar
• Donnell , A. 1999 . Dressing with a difference: Cultural representation, minority rights and ethnic chic . Interventions , 1 ( 4 ) : 489 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Droogsma , R.A. 2007 . Redefining hajab: American Muslim Women's standpoint on veiling . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 35 ( 3 ) : 294 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss , R. 2005 . Devil's game: How the United States helped unleash fundamentalist Islam , New York : Metropolitan Books .
   Google Scholar
• El Guindi , F. 1999 . Veil: modesty, privacy, and resistance , Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. 2004 . Picturing Afghan women . The International Journal for Communication Studies , 66 ( 2 ) : 91 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Fanon , F. 1965 . A dying colonialism , New York : Grove Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , A. and McDermott , P. 2005 . “ Claiming Afghan women: The challenge of human rights discourse for transnational feminism ” . In Just advocacy?: Women's human rights, transnational feminisms, and the politics of representation , Edited by: Hesford , W.S. and Kozol , W. 33 – 55 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Finnegan , C.A. 2001 . The naturalistic enthymeme and visual argument: Photographic representation in the “Skill Controversy” . Argumentation & Advocacy , 37 ( 3 ) : 133 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Grewal , I. 2005 . Transnational America: Feminisms, diasporas, neoliberalisms , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hariman , R. and Lucaites , J.L. 2007 . No caption needed: Iconic photographs, public culture, and liberal democracy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heng , G. 1997 . “ A great way to fly: Nationalism, the state, and the varieties of third- world feminism ” . In Feminist genealogies, colonial legacies, democratic futures , Edited by: Alexander , M.J.A. and Mohanty , C.T. 30 – 45 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hesford , W.S. and Kozol , W. 2005 . Just advocacy?: Women's human rights, transnational feminisms, and the politics of representation , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , N. 2003 . “ Face of Asia: Steve McCurry photographs ” . In Afterimage, George Eastman House
   Google Scholar
• Hoodfar , H. 1997 . “ Feminist anthropology and critical pedagogy: The anthropology of classrooms excluded voices ” . In Radical In<Ter>Ventions: Identity, politics, and difference/s in educational praxis , Edited by: De Castell , S. and Bryson , M. Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hooks , B. 2001 . “ Eating the Other: Desire and resistance ” . In Media and Cultural Studies , Edited by: Durham , M.G. and Kellner , D.M. Malden, M.A : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Jameson , F. 1981 . The political unconscious: Narrative as a socially symbolic act , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klaus , E. and Kassel , S. 2005 . The veil as a means of legitimization . Journalism , 6 ( 3 ) : 335 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Kensinger , L. 2003 . Plugged in praxis: Critical reflections on US feminism, internet activism, and solidarity with women in Afghanistan . Journal of International Women's Studies , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolhatkar , S. and Ingalls , J. 2006 . Bleeding Afghanistan , New York : Seven Stories Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , D. 2008 . Heroes, victims, and veils: Women's liberation and the rhetoric of Empire after 9/11 . Forum on Public Policy , 4 ( 2 ) : 23 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , C. and Collins , J.L. 1993 . Reading National Geographic , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald , M. 2006 . Muslim women and the veil: Problems of image and voice in media representations . Feminist Media Studies , 6 ( 1 ) : 76 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• “Mags on the Net.” 2004 . Discounted magazine subscription . Retrieved from http://store.yahoo.com/supersubscriptions/nagebu.html
   Google Scholar
• Malkki , L. 1992 . National Geographic: The rooting of peoples and the territiorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees . Cultural Anthropology , 7 ( 1 ) : 24 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkki , L. 1995 . Refugees and exile: From “refugee studies” to the national order of things . Annual Review of Anthropology , 24 : 495 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkki , L. 1996 . Speechless emissaries: Refugees, humanitarianism, and dehistoricization . Cultural Anthropology , 11 ( 3 ) : 377 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , S. 2002 . Women for Afghan women: Shattering myths and claiming the future , New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , C. 1985 . “ The imaginary signifier ” . In Film theory and criticism , Edited by: Mast , G. and Cohen , M. 782 – 802 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moghissi , H. 1999 . Feminism and Islamic fundamentalism: The limits of postmodern analysis , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Mohanty , C.T. , Russo , A. and Torres , L. 1991 . “ Under western eyes ” . In Third World women and the politics of feminism , Edited by: Mohanty , C.T. , Russo , A. and Torres , L. 51 – 80 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mujadedi , S.P. 2003 . Through the eyes of an Afghan Girl , Austin, TX : Morgan Printing .
   Google Scholar
• Naghibi , N. 1999 . Bad feminist or bad-hejab: Moving outside of hejab debate . Interventions , 1 ( 4 ) : 553 – 570 .
   Google Scholar
• National Geographic Society 2006 Collector's edition 100 best pictures . National Geographic .
   Google Scholar
• National Geographic Society (Producer) , & Cumbo , L. Director 2002 The search for the Afghan Girl . United States .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , C. 2002 . A life revealed . National Geographic , 201 ( 4 ) : 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Parameswaran , R. 2002 . Local culture in global media: Excavating colonial and material discourses in National Geographic . Communication Theory , 12 ( 3 ) : 287 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , R.M. 2004 . Explorer's house: National Geographic and the world it made , New York : Penguin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Procter , D.E. 1987 . The rescue mission: Assigning guilt to a chaotic scene . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 51 ( 3 ) : 245 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasanayagam , A. 2003 . Afghanistan: A modern history: Monarchy, despotism or democracy?: The problems of governance in the Muslim tradition , London : New York: I.B. Tauris .
   Google Scholar
• Razack , S.H. 1999 . Looking white people in the eye: Gender, race, and culture in courtrooms and classrooms , 2nd ed. , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. 2007 . Wearing the hijab: An argument for moderate selective acculturation of newly immigrated Arab-American Women . Journal of Intercultural Communication , 13 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Said , E.W. 1978 . Orientalism , 1st ed. , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Said , E.W. 1993 . Culture and imperialism , 1st ed. , New York : Knopf: Distributed by Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Said , E.W. 1997 . Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world , Rev. ed. , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz-DuPre , R.L. 2007 . Rhetorically representing public policy: National Geographic's 2002 Afghan Girl and the Bush administration's biometric identification policies . Feminist Media Studies , 7 ( 4 ) : 434 – 453 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen , J.G. 2001 . Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people , New York : Olive Branch Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sontag , S. 1973 . On Photography , New York : Picador .
   Google Scholar
• Spivak , G.C. 1988 . “ Can the subaltern speak ” . In Marxism and the interpretation of culture , Edited by: Nelson , C. and Grossberg , L. 271 – 313 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spivak , G.C. 1990 . The post-colonial critic: Interviews, strategies, dialogues , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Spivak , G.C. 1999 . A critique of postcolonial reason: Toward a history of the vanishing present , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stabile , A.C. and Kumar , D. 2005 . Unveiling imperialism: Media, gender and the war on Afghanistan . Media Culture & Society , 27 ( 5 ) : 765 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steet , L. 2000 . Veils and daggers: A century of National Geographic's representation of the Arab world , Philadelphia, P.A. : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tagg , J. 1988 . The burden of representation: essays on photographies and histories , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vivian , B. 1999 . The veil and the visible . Western Journal of Communication , 63 ( 2 ) : 115 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watney , S. 1990 . “ Photography and AIDS ” . In The critical image: essays on contemporary photography , Edited by: Squiers , C. 173 – 192 . Seattle, WA : Bay Press .
   Google Scholar
• Winfrey , O. 2001 Photos that define us . In Harper Productions (Producer) , The Oprah Winfrey Show . Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Woodhull , W. 1993 . Transfigurations of the Maghreb: Feminism, decolonization, and literatures , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yeægenoæglu , M. 1998 . Colonial fantasies: Toward a feminist reading of Orientalism , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar