References
- Askanius, T. (2021). On frogs, monkeys, and execution memes: Exploring the humor-hate nexus at the intersection of neo-Nazi and alt-right movements in Sweden. Television & New Media, 22(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476420982234
- Beck, E. (2019, March 2). ACT for America says anti-Muslim display wasn't condoned. The Register-Herald, https://www.register-herald.com/news/state_region/act-for-america-says-anti-muslim-display-wasn-t-condoned/article_7295b943-fc57-5e9d-ad26-a5ea4d33b364.html
- Bresnahan, M., Roscizewski, A., Whitaker, S., & Cossmann, H. (2021). Online public responses to the “send her back” chant at the 2019 Greenville rally. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 50(4), 338–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2021.1877177
- Brideau, K., & Berret, C. (2014). A brief introduction to Impact: “The meme font”. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3), 307–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412914544515
- Brubaker, P., Boyle, K., & Stephan, D. (2017). The shared cultural experience: A comparison of religious memes created by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, religious media, and church members. Journal of Media and Religion, 16(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2017.1311127
- Dehghani, M., Sagae, K., Sachdeva, S., & Gratch, J. (2014). Analyzing political rhetoric in conservative and liberal weblogs related to the construction of the “Ground Zero Mosque.”. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.826613
- DeLaure, M., & Fink, M. (2017). Introduction. In M. DeLaure, & M. Fink (Eds.), Culture jamming: Activism and the art of cultural resistance (pp. 1–36). New York University Press.
- Dubey, A., Moro, E., Cebrian, M., & Rahwan, I. (2018). Meme sequencer: Sparse matching for embedding image macros. WWW ‘18: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 1225–1235). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186021
- Edwards, J. J. (2015). Superchurch: The rhetoric and politics of American fundamentalism. Michigan State University Press.
- Emery, C. E.Jr., & Jacobson, L. (2016, January 4). Donald Trump's first TV ad shows migrants “at the southern border,” but they’re actually in Morocco. PolitiFact. https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jan/04/donald-trump/donald-trumps-first-tv-ad-shows-migrants-southern-/
- Gal, N., Shifman, L., & Kampf, Z. (2016). “It gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1698–1714. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814568784
- Graber, D. A. (1976). Verbal behaviour and politics. University of Illinois Press.
- Graber, D. A. (1996). Say it with pictures. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296546001008
- Gunn, J. (2008). Speech is dead; long live speech. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 94(3), 343–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630802210385
- Hodge, E., & Hallgrimsdottir, H. (2020). Networks of hate: The alt-right, “troll culture”, and the cultural geography of social movement spaces online. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 35(4), 563–580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2019.1571935
- Imagine if these people marched on their own government and demanded change instead of marching towards ours and demanding charity. (2018, November 30). Meme. https://me.me/i/imagine-if-these-people-marched-on-their-own-government-and-43b6cb24740c40fd81d0565fa6284896
- Jenkins, E. S. (2014). The modes of visual rhetoric: Circulating memes as expressions. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 100(4), 442–466. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2014.989258
- Johnson, P. E. (2017). The art of masculine victimhood: Donald Trump’s demagoguery. Women’s Studies in Communication, 40(3), 229–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2017.1346533
- Kuipers, G. (2005). “Where was King Kong when we needed him?” public discourse, digital disaster jokes, and the functions of laughter after 9/11. The Journal of American Culture, 28(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00155.x
- Marietta, M. (2008). From my cold, dead hands: Democratic consequences of sacred rhetoric. The Journal of Politics, 70(3), 767–779. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080742
- Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society, https://datasociety.net/library/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online
- McConahay, J. B. (1988). Pornography: The symbolic elements of fantasy. Law and Contemporary Problems, 51(1), 31–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1191714
- McGee, M. C. (2016). Text, context, and the fragmentation of contemporary culture. In M. J. Porrovecchio, & C. M. Condit (Eds.), Contemporary rhetorical theory: A reader (pp. 50–59), 2nd ed. The Guilford Press. (Original work published 1990)
- Milner, R. M. (2016). The world made meme: Public conversations and participatory media. The MIT Press.
- Montanaro, D. (2019, July 19). Trump's “go back” rhetoric is sign of a racially divisive and turbulent year to come. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/19/743310472/trumps-go-back-rhetoric-is-sign-of-a-racially-divisive-and-turbulent-year-to-com
- Nissenbaum, A., & Shifman, L. (2017). Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board. New Media & Society, 19(4), 483–501. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815609313
- Omar blasts GOP over poster linking her with 9/11 attacks. (2019, March 2). CNN. https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/03/02/ilhan-omar-west-virginia-poster-sot-nr-vpx.cnn
- Phelan, S. (2019). Neoliberalism, the far right, and the disparaging of “social justice warriors.”. Communication, Culture & Critique, 12(4), 455–475. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcz040
- Phillips, W. (2015). This is why we can’t have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. The MIT Press.
- Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2017). The ambivalent internet: Mischief, oddity, and antagonism online. Polity.
- Pierce, L. (2014). A rhetoric of traumatic nationalism in the Ground Zero Mosque controversy. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 100(1), 53–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2014.888461
- Pocock, J. G. A. (1989). Politics, language, and time: Essays on political thought and history. University of Chicago Press.
- The poverty stricken people of Appalachia should come before any refugees. (2017, June 1). Meme. https://me.me/i/the-poverty-stricken-people-of-appalachia-should-come-before-any-14839262
- Pushkin, M. [@pushkinforhouse]. (2019, March 1). This poster is in your Capitol on a booth sponsored by @WVGOP “When someone shows you who they are, believe them” [Link attached | Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/pushkinforhouse/status/1101532563020148737
- Rogers, K., & Fandos, N. (2019, July 14). Trump tells Congresswomen to “go back” to the countries they came from. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html
- Rosenberg, E. (2019, March 2). Poster linking Rep. Ilhan Omar to 9/11 sparks outrage, injuries in W.Va. state capitol. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/02/poster-linking-rep-ilhan-omar-sparks-outrage-injuries-wva-state-capitol
- Ross, A. S., & Rivers, D. J. (2017). Digital cultures of political participation: Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 U.S presidential candidates. Discourse, Context & Media, 16, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2017.01.001
- Rowland, R. C. (2019). The populist and nationalist roots of Trump’s rhetoric. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 22(3), 343–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343
- Stassen, H. M., & Bates, B. R. (2020). Beers, bros, and Brett: Memes and the visual ideograph of the angry white man. Communication Quarterly, 68(3), 331–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2020.1787477
- West Virginia Republican Party, Stauffer, R., & West Virginia Women for Trump. (2019, March 1). WVGOP day at the capitol 2019. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/events/358126214984490
- Yoon, I. J. (2016). Why is it not just a joke? Analysis of internet memes associated with racism and hidden ideology of colorblindness. Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education, 33, 92–123. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2056305120981047