Parental Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Adjustment: Responses to Children's Distress and Representations of Attachment as Explanatory Mechanisms

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. 1991 . Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist: 4–18 and 1991 Profile , Burlington , VT : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , J. P. , Manning , N. and Meyer , J. 2010 . Tightly linked systems: Reciprocal relations between maternal depressive symptoms and maternal reports of adolescent externalizing behavior . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 119 : 825 – 835 . doi: 10.1037/a0021081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. 2007 . Amos 16.0 user's guide , Chicago , IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. and Wothke , W. 1999 . Amos 4.0 user's guide , Chicago , IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 46 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. A. and Curran , P. J. 2006 . Latent curve models: A structural equation approach , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdon , K. H. , Goodman , R. , Rae , D. S. , Simpson , G. and Koretz , D. S. 2005 . The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: US normative data and psychometric properties . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 557 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment , New York , NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Brennan , P. A. , Hammen , C. , Katz , A. R. and Le Brocque , R. M. 2002 . Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and adolescent diagnostic outcomes . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 1075 – 1085 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. 1985 . Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 50 : 3 – 35 . doi: 10.2307/3333824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. and Munholland , K. A. 2008 . “ Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central construct in attachment theory ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , 2nd ed, pp , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 102 – 127 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. , Oppenheim , D. , Buschsbaum , H. and Emde , R. N. 1990 . The MacArthur story stem battery , Unpublished Manuscript . MacArthur Narrative Group
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , S. B. , Cohn , J. F. and Meyers , T. 1995 . Depression in first-time mothers: Mother-infant interaction and depression chronicity . Developmental Psychology , 31 : 349 – 357 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. , Kirsh , S. J. , Scolton , K. L. and Parke , R. D. 1996 . Attachment and representations of peer relationships . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 892 – 904 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colin , V. L. 1996 . Human attachment , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill. .
   Google Scholar
• Conger , R. D. , Patterson , G. R. and Ge , X. 1995 . It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents' stress on adolescent adjustment . Child Development , 66 : 80 – 97 . doi: 10.2307/1131192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , P. A. , Cohn , D. A. , Cowan , C. P. and Pearson , J. L. 1996 . Parent's attachment histories and children's externalizing and internalizing behaviours: Exploring family systems models of linkage . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 53 – 63 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. and Cicchetti , D. 1990 . “ Towards a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression ” . In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention , Edited by: Greenberg , M. , Cicchetti , D. and Cummings , E. M. 339 – 372 . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Davies , P. T. and Campbell , S. B. 2000 . Developmental psychopathology and family processes: Theory, research, and clinical implications , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Keller , P. S. and Davies , P. T. 2005 . Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 : 479 – 489 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00368.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. M. , Schermerhorn , A. C. , Keller , P. S. and Davies , P. T. 2008 . Parental depressive symptoms, children's representations of family relationships, and child adjustment . Social Development , 17 : 278 – 305 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00425.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , P. T. and Winter , M. A. 2003 . University of Rochester story stem narrative coding system , University of Rochester, New York . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• DeKlyen , M. and Greenberg , M. T. 2008 . “ Attachment and psychopathology in childhood ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 637 – 665 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Wolff , M. and van IJzendoorn , M. H. 1997 . Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment . Child Development , 68 : 571 – 591 . doi: 10.2307/1132107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dix , T. and Meunier , L. N. 2009 . Depressive symptoms and parenting competence: An analysis of 13 regulatory processes . Developmental Review , 29 : 45 – 68 . doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2008.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Cumberland , A. and Spinrad , T. L. 1998 . Parental socialization of emotion . Psychological Inquiry , 9 : 241 – 273 . doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders , C. K. and Bandalos , D. L. 2001 . The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models . Structural Equation Modeling , 8 : 430 – 457 . doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. , Eisenberg , N. and Bernzweig , J. 1990 . “ Unpublished scale, Department of Family Resources and Human Development, ” . In The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale: Description and scoring , Arizona State University .
   Google Scholar
• Fabes , R. A. , Poulin , R. E. , Eisenberg , N. and Madden-Derdich , D. A. 2002 . The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence . Marriage & Family Review , 34 : 285 – 310 . doi: 10.1300/J002v34n03_05
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , A. , McGuffin , P. and Williams , J. 2002 . Measuring psychopathology , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , R. 1997 . The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 38 : 581 – 586 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , S. H. and Gotlib , I. H. 1999 . Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission . Psychological Review , 106 : 458 – 490 . doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , R. and Scott , S. 1999 . Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 27 17 – 24 . doi: 10.1023/A:1022658222914
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , M. T. , Speltz , M. L. and DeKlyen , M. 1993 . The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology . Special Issue: Toward a developmental perspective on conduct disorder , 5 : 191 – 213 . doi: 10.1017/S095457940000434X
   Google Scholar
• Grych , J. H. , Wachsmuth-Schlaefer , T. and Klockow , L. L. 2002 . Interparental aggression and young children's representations of family relationships . Journal of Family Psychology , 16 : 259 – 272 . doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen , C. 2009 . Adolescent depression: Stressful interpersonal contexts and risk for recurrence . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 18 : 200 – 204 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01636.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnish , J. D. , Dodge , K. A. and Valente , E. 1995 . Mother–child interaction quality as a partial mediator of the roles of maternal depressive symptomatology and socioeconomic status in the development of child behavior problems . Child Development , 66 : 739 – 753 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00902.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane , P. and Garber , J. 2004 . The relations among depression in fathers, children's psychopathology, and father–child conflict: A meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 : 339 – 360 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , G. , Rice , F. , Harold , G. T. , Collishaw , S. and Thapar , A. 2011 . Investigating environmental links between parent depression and child depressive/anxiety symptoms: Using an assisted conception design . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 50 : 451 – 459 . doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , J. , Wood , B. L. , Miller , B. D. and Simmens , S. J. 2011 . Effects of paternal and maternal depressive symptoms on child internalizing symptoms and asthma disease activity: Mediation by interparental negativity and parenting . Journal of Family Psychology , 25 : 137 – 146 . doi: 10.1037/a0022452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. 2008 . An examination of three models of the relationships between parental attachments and adolescents' social functioning and depressive symptoms . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 37 : 941 – 952 . doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9147-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy , M. C. , Graczyk , P. A. , O'Hare , E. and Neuman , G. 2000 . Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 : 561 – 592 . doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth , K. , Easterbrooks , A. M. and Cibelli , C. D. 1997 . Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7 . Developmental Psychology , 33 : 681 – 692 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth , K. , Lyubchik , A. , Wolfe , R. and Bronfman , E. 2002 . “ Parental depression and child attachment: Hostile and helpless profiles of parent and child behavior among families at risk ” . In Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment , Edited by: Goodman , S. H. and Gotlib , I. H. 89 – 120 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. , Browne , M. W. and Sugawara , H. M. 1996 . Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling . Psychological Methods , 1 : 30 – 149 . doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. , Fritz , M. S. , Williams , J. and Lockwood , C. M. 2007 . Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN . Behavior Research Methods , 39 : 384 – 389 . doi: 10.3758/BF03193007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , C. and Gaffan , E. A. 2000 . Effects of early maternal depression on patterns of infant–mother attachment: A meta-analytic investigation . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 : 737 – 746 . doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory , C and Layte , R. 2012 . Testing competing models of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire's (SDQ's) factor structure for the parent-informant instrument . Personality and Individual Differences , 52 : 882 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Meesters , C. and van den Berg , F. 2003 . The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)—Further evidence for its reliability and validity in a community sample of Dutch children and adolescents . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 12 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. and Bernstein , I. H. 1994 . Psychometric theory , 3rd , New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim , D. , Emde , R. N. and Warren , S. 1997 . Children's narrative representations of mothers: Their development and associations with child and mother adaptation . Child Development , 68 : 127 – 138 . doi: 10.2307/1131930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim , D. , Nir , A. , Warren , S. and Emde , R. N. 1997 . Emotion regulation in mother–child narrative co-construction: Associations with children's narratives and adaptation . Developmental Psychology , 33 : 284 – 294 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens , E. and Shaw , D. S. 2003 . Predicting growth curves of externalizing behavior across the preschool years . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 31 : 575 – 590 . doi: 10.1023/A:1026254005632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmieri , P. A. and Smith , G. C. 2007 . Examining the structural validity of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in a U.S. sample of custodial grandmothers . Psychological Assessment , 19 : 189 – 198 . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette , D. 2004 . Dichotomizing paternal and maternal functions as a means to better understand their primary contributions . Human Development , 47 : 237 – 238 . doi: 10.1159/000078726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 . doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani , P. G. , Stein , A. , O'Connor , T. G. , Heron , J. , Murray , L. and Evans , J. 2008 . Depression in men in the postnatal period and later child psychopathology: A population cohort study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 : 390 – 398 . doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816429c2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restifo , K. and Bögels , S. 2009 . Family processes in the development of youth depression: Translating the evidence to treatment . Clinical Psychology Review , 29 : 294 – 316 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir , H. , DuRocher-Schudlich , T. and Cummings , E. M. 2001 . Marital conflict, parenting styles, and children's representations of family relationships . Parenting: Science and Practice , 1 : 123 – 151 . doi: 10.1207/S15327922PAR011&2_7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton , K. H. and Harold , G. T. 2008 . Interparental conflict, negative parenting, and children's adjustment: Bridging links between parents' depression and children's psychological distress . Journal of Family Psychology , 22 : 712 – 724 . doi: 10.1037/a0013515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. , Maes , H. and Eaves , L. J. 2010 . Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An extended children of twins study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 51 : 734 – 744 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02205.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., Moreau, D.Olfson, M.1997Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 932–940. http://search.proquest.com/docview/619195536?accountid=12874 (http://search.proquest.com/docview/619195536?accountid=12874)
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , S. and Durbin , C. E. 2010 . Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review . Clinical Psychology Review , 30 : 167 – 180 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar