Ebb and Flow in Parent-Child Interactions: Shifts from Early through Middle Childhood

REFERENCES

• Alsheikh, N., Parameswaran, G., & Elhoweris, H. (2010). Parenting style, self-esteem and student performance in the United Arab Emirates. Current Issues in Education, 13(1). Retrieved from http://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/viewfile/265/129
   Google Scholar
• Attili, G., Vermigli, P., & Roazzi, A. (2010). Children’s social competence, peer status, and the quality of mother-child and father-child relationships: A multidimensional scaling approach. European Psychologist, 15, 23–33. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacro, F. (2012). Perceived attachment security to father, academic self-concept and school performance in language mastery. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 992–1002. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9561-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K., Stoltz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method: VII Assessing relevance across method: Cross-national dominance analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 96–104. docview 742990896?accountid=4485
   Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K., Xia, M., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2012). Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 273–287. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera, A. M., Blumer, M. L., & Soenksen, A. H. (2011). Revising adolescent separation-individuation in the contexts of enmeshment and allocentrism. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 8, 70–82. Retrieved from http://www.nspb.net/index.php/nspb/view/164/93
   Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004
   Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (2013). Is a pejorative view of power assertion in the socialization process justified? Review of General Psychology, 17, 420–427. doi:10.1037/a0033480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ari, A. (2012). Rethinking closeness and distance in intimate relationships: Are they really two opposites? Journal of Family Issues, 33, 391–412. doi:10.1177/0192513X11415357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, N. E. (2005). Enhancing research productivity in counseling psychology: Reactions to three perspectives. The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 358–366. doi:10.1177/0011000004274128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biringen, Z. (2000). Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 104–114. doi:10.1037/h0087711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blos, P. (1979). The adolescent passage. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bögels, S., & Perotti, E. (2011). Does father know best? A formal model of the paternal influence on childhood social anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 171–181. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9441-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). Accounting for statistical dependency in longitudinal data on dyads. In T. D. Little, J. A. Bovaird, & N. A. Card (Eds.), Modeling contextual effects in longitudinal studies (pp. 285–298). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H. (2013). Mother-infant attunement: A multilevel approach via body, brain, and behavior. In M. Legerstee, D. W. Haley, & H. Bornstein (Eds.), The infant mind: Origins of the social brain (pp. 266–298). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H. (2015). Children’s parents. In M. Bornstein, & T. Leventhal (Volume Eds.), R. Lerner (Series Ed.), Ecological settings and processes in developmental systems, Vol. 4 Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th ed., pp. 55–132). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment. Hermondsworth, UK: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H. (2009). The home environment. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of cultural developmental science (pp. 505–530). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bugental, E., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Socialization processes. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Series Eds.), & N. Eisenberg (Volume Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional and personality development (6th ed., pp. 366–428). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Byrd-Craven, J., Auer, B. J., Granger, D. A., & Massey, A. R. (2012). The father-daughter dance: The relationship between father-daughter relationship quality and daughters’ stress response. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 87–94. doi:10.1037/a0026588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, J. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). Father’s influences on their children: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 6, 336–354. docview: 1641024143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2006). Parent adolescent relationships. In P. Noller, & J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Close relationships, functions, forms, and processes (pp. 111–125). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, W. A., & Russell, G. (1991). Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood and adolescence: A developmental analysis. Developmental Review, 11, 99–136. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(91)90004-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallaire, D., Pineda, A., Cole, D., Ciesla, J., Jacquez, F., LaGrange, B., & Bruce, A. (2006). Relation of positive and negative parenting to children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35, 313–322. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77, 44–58. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. G., & Snow, C. E. (1996). Five-year-olds’ interactions with fathers versus mothers. First Language, 16, 223–242. doi:10.1177/014272379601604704
   Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A., & Grout, L. (1992). Mothers’ emotional expressiveness and coping: Pathway to preschoolers’ social and emotional competence. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 118, 73–101. docview: 618163215
   Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (1999). Model building in developmental psychopathology: A pragmatic approach to understanding and intervention. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 502–512. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2804_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. T. J. Dishion, & G. R. Patterson (Eds.), Development and Psychopathology (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 503–541). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Easterbrooks, M. A., Bureau, J.-F., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother-child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 65–78. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & MacIver, D. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families. Damerican Psychologist, 48, 90–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and Family, 48, 37–46. doi:10.2307/352226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, N. A., Cauce, A. M., & Mason, C. A. (1996). Interobserver agreement in the assessment of parental behavior and parent-adolescent conflict: African American mothers, daughters, and independent observers. Child Development, 67, 1483–1498. doi:10.2037.1131713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 574–587. doi:10.2307/353561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Price, C. E., Beiswenger, K. L., & Sauck, C. C. (2007). Evaluative pressure in mothers: Effects of situation, maternal, and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 991–1002. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children’s perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 508–517. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11, 301–337. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence. Human Development, 29, 82–100. doi:10.1159/000273025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2010). Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: A domain-specific approach. Child Development, 81, 687–709. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01426.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, T., & Johnson, S. L. (1997). Parent-child interaction among depressed fathers and mothers: Impact on child functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 391–409. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.11.4.391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, H. S. (December 2008). Gibson’s “affordances”: Evolution of a pivotal concept. Journal of Scientific Psychology, 34–45. Retrieved from www.psyencelab.com/images/Gibsons_Affordances_Evolution_of_a_Pivotal_Concept.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 194–200, :10.1037/a0012754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan, J. (1964). The nature of the child. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Prisco, T. R., & Adams, E. E. (2008). Mother-child and father-child mutually responsive orientation in the first 2 years and children’s outcomes at preschool age: Mechanisms of influence. Child Development, 79, 30–44. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01109.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation-individuation in parent-child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood—A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32, 67–88. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L., & Parkin, C. M. (2007). Agency and bidirectionality in socialization: Interactions, transactions, and relational dialectics. In J. E. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 259–283). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L., & Parkin, C. M. (2009). Pursuing a dialectical perspective on transaction: Social relational theory of micro family processes. In A. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development, How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 247–268). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L., Pitman, R., & Mitchell, M. (2009). Dialectics and transactional models: Conceptualizing antecedents, processes, and consequences of change in parent-child relationships. In J. Mancini, & K. Roberto (Eds.), Pathways of human development: Explorations of change (pp. 151–170). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kunz, J. H., & Grych, J. H. (2013). Parental psychological control and autonomy granting: Distinctions and associations with child and family functioning. Parenting: Science and Practice, 13, 77–94. doi:10.1080/15295192.2012.709147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Guardia, J. G., & Patrick, H. (2008). Self-determination theory as a fundamental theory of close relationships. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 201–209. doi:10.1037/a0012760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M., Rothbaum, F., Boulos, S., & Castellino, D. R. (2002). Developmental systems perspective on parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 315–344). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, C., & Lamb, M. (2010). The development and significance of father-child relationships in two-parent families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 94–153). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lorber, M. F., & Egeland, B. (2011). Parenting and infant difficulty: Testing a mutual exacerbation hypothesis to predict early onset conduct problems. Child Development, 82, 2006–2020. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovas, G. S. (2005). Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother-toddler and father-toddler dyads. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 327–353. doi:10.1002/imhj.20056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, K., & Parke, R. D. (1984). Bridging the gap: Parent-child play interaction and peer interactive competence. Child Development, 55, 1265–1277. doi:10.2307//1129996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler, S., Pine, M. M., & Bergman, F. A. (1973). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Ryan, R. M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). When fathers’ supportiveness matters most: Maternal and paternal parenting and children’s school readiness. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 145–155. doi:10.1037/a0018073
   Google Scholar
• Mattanah, J. F. (2001). Parental psychological autonomy and children’s academic competence and behavioral adjustment in late childhood: More than just limit-setting and warmth. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47, 355–376. doi:10.1353/mpq.2001.0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, I., Hitchcock, J. H., & Newman, D. (2015). The use of research syntheses and nomological networks to develop HRD theory. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 17, 117–134. doi:10.1177/1523422314559810
   Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00092-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Fathers’ and mothers’ parenting behavior and beliefs as predictors of children’s social adjustment in the transition to school. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 628–638. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2008). Mothers’ and fathers’ support for child autonomy and early school achievement. Developmental Psychology, 44, 895–907. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemiec, C., Lynch, M., Vansteenkiste, M., Bernstein, J., Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 761–775. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (November 2000). Safe from the start, Taking action on children exposed to violence. Retrieved from https://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/182789.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pancsofar, N., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2006). Mother and father language input to young children: Contributions to later language development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 571–587. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193–219. doi:10.1159/000078723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette, D., & Dumont, C. (2013). Is father-child rough-and-tumble play associated with attachment or activation relationships? Early Child Development and Care, 183, 760–773. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.723440
   Google Scholar
• Peck, S. C. (2007). TEMPEST in a gallimaufry: Applying multilevel systems theory to person-in-context research. Journal of Personality, 75, 1127–1156. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00470.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phares, V., Compas, B. E., & Howell, D. C. (1989). Perspectives on child behavior problems: Comparisons of children’s self-reports with parent and teacher reports. Psychological Assessment, 1, 68–71. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.68
   Google Scholar
• Radziszewska, B., Richardson, J. L., Dent, C. W., & Flay, B. (1996). Parenting style and adolescent depressive symptoms, smoking, and academic achievement: Ethnic, gender, and SES differences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine., 19, 289–305. doi:10.1007/BF01857770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, M., Coker, D., & Pan, B. A. (2004). A comparison of fathers’ and mothers’ talk to toddlers in low-income families. Social Development, 13, 278–291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000267.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model. In A. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development, How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 3–21). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 153–158. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30, 74–99. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43, 633–646. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1–19. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolz, H. E., Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Toward disentangling fathering and mothering: An assessment of relative importance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1076–1092. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00195.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N. E., Rounsaville, B., DeCoste, C., & Luthar, S. (2007). Parental control, parental warmth, and psychosocial adjustment in a sample of substance-abusing mothers and their school-aged and adolescent children. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, S. M. (2010). The veridicality of children’s reports of parenting: A review of factors contributing to parent-child discrepancies. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 999–1010. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamis-LeMonda, C., Shannon, J., Cabrera, N., & Lamb, M. (2004). Fathers and mothers at play with their 2- and 3-year-olds: Contributions to language and cognitive development. Child Development, 75, 1806–1820. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00818x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tein, J.-T., Roosa, M., & Michaels, M. (1994). Agreement between parent and child reports on parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56, 341–355. doi:10.2307/353104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trommsdorff, G. (2006). Parent-child relations over the life span: A cross-cultural perspective. In K. Rubin & O. B. Chung (Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent-child relations: A cross-cultural perspective (pp. 143–183). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valsiner, J. (1989). Human development and culture. Lexington, MA: Heath.
   Google Scholar
• Wachs, T. D., & Chan, A. (1986). Specificity of environmental action, as seen in environmental correlates of infants’ communication performance. Child Development, 57, 1464–1474. doi:10.2307/1130424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., Christ, S. L., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Garrett-Peters, P., & Cox, M. (2013). Association between maternal sensitivity and externalizing behavior from preschool to preadolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 89–100. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, D. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Collins, W. A. (2003). Autonomy development during adolescence. In G. R. Adams & M. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 175–204). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar