Assessing Childrearing Attitudes: Validation of a Shortened Version of the Parenting Questionnaire

REFERENCES

• Acevedo, M. C. (2000). The role of acculturation in explaining ethnic differences in the prenatal health-risk behaviors, mental health and parenting beliefs of Mexican American and European American at-risk women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 111–127. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00121-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 798–844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Armistead, L., Forehand, R., Brody, G., & Maguen, S. (2002). Parenting and child psychosocial adjustment in single-parent African American families: Is community context important? Behavior Therapy, 33, 361–375. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80033-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aucoin, K. J., Frick, P. J., & Bodin, S. D. (2006). Corporal punishment and child adjustment. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 527–541. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. doi:10.2307/1131780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, M. A., Shanahan, L., Deng, M., Haskett, M. E., & Cox, M. J. (2010). Independent and interactive contributions of parenting behaviors and beliefs in the prediction of early childhood behavior problems. Parenting: Science and Practice, 10, 43–59. doi:10.1080/15295190903014604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–103. doi:10.1037/h0030372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). Child rearing dimensions relevant to child maltreatment. In R. Learner (Ed.), Child maltreatment and optimal care giving in social contexts (pp. 55–73). New York, NY: Garland.
   Google Scholar
• Bavolek, S. J. (1984). Handbook of the AAPI—Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. Eau Claire, WI: Family Development Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Bavolek, S. J., & Keene, R. G. (1999). Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory – AAPI-2: Administration and development handbook. Park City, UT: Family Development Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., & Lansford, J. E. (2009). Parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of cultural developmental science (pp. 259–277). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Lansford, J. E. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 214–237. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.585568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budd, K., Behling, S., Li, Y., Parikshak, S., Gershenson, R., Feuer, R., & Danko, C. M. (2012). Measuring attitudes toward acceptable and unacceptable parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 247–261. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9470-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzada, E. J., Huang, K., Anicama, C., Fernandez, Y., & Brotman, L. (2012). Test of a cultural framework of parenting with Latino families of young children. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 285–296. doi:10.1037/a0028694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 623–649. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, A., McClure, F. H., Collier, J., Otto, C., & Polloi, A. (1999). Culture-specific views of child maltreatment and parenting styles in a Pacific-island community. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 229–244. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00129-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, N. A., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Deere, D., Ledet, T., & Edwards, M. C. (2006). Measuring the potential for child maltreatment: The reliability and validity of the adult adolescent parenting inventory-2. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 39–53. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corral-Verdugo, V., Frías-Armenta, M., Romero, M., & Muñoz, A. (1995). Validity of a scale measuring beliefs regarding the “positive” effects of punishing children: A study of Mexican mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 669–679. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00025-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2003). The development of attitudes about physical punishment: An 8-year longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 351–360. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 269–322). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. P. (1994). Regional differences in attitudes toward corporal punishment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 314–324. doi:10.2307/353102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. P. (1998). To spank or not to spank: The effect of situation and age of child on support for corporal punishment. Journal of Family Violence, 13, 21–37. doi:10.1023/A:1022808716048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontes, L. A. (2002). Child discipline and physical abuse in immigrant Latino families: Reducing violence and misunderstandings. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80, 31–40. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00163.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, J. J., & Lau, A. S. (2009). Punitive discipline and child behavior problems in Chinese-American immigrant families: The moderating effects of indigenous child-rearing ideologies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 520–530. doi:10.1177/0165025409343749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halgunseth, L. C., Ispa, J. M., & Rudy, D. (2006). Parental control in Latino families: An integrated review of the literature. Child Development, 77, 1282–1297. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00934.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, R. L., Schoelmerich, A., Ventura-Cook, E., Schulze, P. A., & Wilson, S. P. (1996). Culture and class influences on Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers’ beliefs regarding long-term socialization goals and child behavior. Child Development, 67, 2446–2461. doi:10.2307/1131633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, G. W., & Buck, M. (2002). Parental attitudes toward childrearing. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3: Being and becoming a parent (2nd ed., pp. 537–562). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, G. W., Coleman, S. M., & Schmidt, K. L. (1995). Why 3-year-old children get spanked: Parent and child determinants as reported by college-educated mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 431–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, G. W., & Edwards, L. A. (1989). Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 29–58. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, G. K., & Hong, L. K. (1991). Comparative perspectives on child abuse and neglect: Chinese versus Hispanics and Whites. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 70, 463–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley, K. D., Huscroft-D’Angelo, J., Trout, A., Griffith, A., & Epstein, M. (2013). Assessing parenting skills and attitudes: A review of the psychometrics of parenting measures. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 812–823.
   Google Scholar
• Jambunathan, S., Burts, D. C., & Pierce, S. (2000). Comparisons of parenting attitudes among five ethnic groups in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31, 395–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 255–269. doi:10.1023/A:1016863921662
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, S. J. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 58–75. doi:10.1177/0146167295211007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford, J. E., Bornstein, M. H., Dodge, K. A., Skinner, A. T., Putnick, D. L., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2011). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in the United States. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 199–213. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.585567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, A. S., Litrownik, A. J., Newton, R. R., Black, M. M., & Everson, M. D. (2006). Factors affecting the link between physical discipline and child externalizing problems in Black and White families. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 89–103. doi:10.1002/jcop.20085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber, M. F., O'Leary, S. G., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2011). An initial evaluation of the role of emotion and impulsivity in explaining racial/ethnic differences in the use of corporal punishment. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1744–1749. doi:10.1037/a0025344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn Hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 139–147. doi:10.2307/352375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio, G. R., Olson, J. M., & Cheung, I. (2012). Attitudes in social behavior. In H. Tennen & J. Suls (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, Vol. 5: Personality and social psychology (2nd ed., pp. 175–304). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development. Committee on integrating the science of early childhood development. In J. P. Shonkoff & D. A. Phillips (Eds.), Board on children, youth, and families, commission on behavioral and social sciences and education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, S. F., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Robinson, C. C., Wu, P., Nelson, D. A., … Wo, J. (2002). Maternal psychological control and preschool children’s behavior outcomes in China, Russia, and the United States. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 235–262). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, G., Reid, J., & Dishion, T. (1992). A social learning approach. IV. Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
   Google Scholar
• Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A. (2000). Discipline responses: Influences of parents’ socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 380–400. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, K. K., Frick, P. J., & Wootton, J. (1996). Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 317–329. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Dornbusch, S. M., & Darling, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63, 1266–1281. doi:10.2307/1131532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, M. A. (2001). Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families and its effects on children. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. A., Manganello, J. A., Lee, S. J., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Mothers’ spanking of 3-year-old children and subsequent risk of children’s aggressive behavior. Pediatrics, 125(5), e1057–e1065. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, A., Hollis, C., & Richards, D. (2003). Authoritarian parenting attitudes as a risk for conduct problems: Results from a British national cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 84–91. doi:10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. A., Christiansen, E. H., Jackson, S., Wyatt, J. M., Colman, R. A., Peterson, R. L., … Buckendahl, C. W. (1999). Parent attitudes and discipline practices: Profiles and correlates in a nationally representative sample. Child Maltreatment, 4, 316–330. doi:10.1177/1077559599004004005
   Google Scholar
• Vespa, J., Lewis, J. M., & Kreider, R. M. (2013). America’s families and living arrangements: 2012: Population characteristics (Report P20-570). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau website. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wissow, L. S. (2001). Ethnicity, income, and parenting contexts of physical punishment in a national sample of families with young children. Child Maltreatment, 6, 118–129. doi:10.1177/1077559501006002004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasui, M., & Dishion, T. J. (2007). The ethnic context of child and adolescent problem behavior: Implications for child and family interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 137–179. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0021-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa, H., & Currie, M. (2011). Culture, public policy, and child development. In X. Chen & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Socioemotional development in cultural context (pp. 53–71). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar