1,251
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Identity Negotiation in Psychotherapy: The Influence of Diagnostic and Rapport-building Strategies on the Effects of Clinical Expectations

&
Pages 241-256 | Received 23 Nov 2007, Accepted 14 Apr 2009, Published online: 27 Jun 2009

References

  • Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) , San Antonio, TX : Psychology Corporation .
  • Burke , J. F. 1989 . Contemporary approaches to psychotherapy and counseling: The self-regulation and maturity model , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Chen , M. and Bargh , J. A. 1997 . Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 : 541 – 560 .
  • Copeland , J. T. 1994 . Prophecies of power: Motivational implications of social power for behavioral confirmation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 264 – 277 .
  • Copeland , J. T. and Snyder , M. 1995 . When counselors confirm: A functional analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 1210 – 1220 .
  • Deutsch , F. and Maddle , R. A. 1975 . Empathy: Historic and current conceptualization, and a cognitive theoretical perspective . Human Development , 18 : 267 – 287 .
  • Egan , G. 1998 . The skilled helper: A problem management approach to helping , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • Fazio , R. H. , Effrein , E. A. and Falender , V. J. 1981 . Self-perceptions following social interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 232 – 242 .
  • French , J. R. and Raven , B. H. 1959 . “ Bases of social power ” . In Studies in social power , Edited by: Cartwright , D. 150 – 167 . Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan .
  • Gauron , E. F. and Dickinson , J. K. 1969 . The influence of seeing the patient first on diagnostic decision-making in psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry , 126 : 199 – 205 .
  • Greist , J. H. and Jefferson , J. W. 1992 . Depression and its treatment , Washington, DC : Academic Psychiatric Press .
  • Harris , M. J. 1990 . Effect of interaction goals on expectancy confirmation in a problem-solving context . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 16 : 521 – 530 .
  • Harris , M. J. 1994 . Self-fulfilling prophecies in the clinical context: Review and implications for clinical practice . Applied and Preventive Psychology , 3 : 145 – 158 .
  • Harris , M. J. , Lightner , R. M. and Manolis , C. 1998 . Awareness of power as a moderator of expectancy confirmation: Who's the boss around here? . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 20 : 220 – 229 .
  • Harris , M. J. and Rosenthal , R. 1986 . Counselor and client personality as determinants of counselor expectancy effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 362 – 369 .
  • Heppner , P. P. and Krauskoff , C. J. 1988 . An information-processing approach to personal problem solving . The Counseling Psychologist , 15 : 371 – 447 .
  • Hilton , J. L. and Darley , J. M. 1991 . “ The effects of interaction goals on person perception ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 24 , 236 – 267 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Judice , T. N. and Neuberg , S. L. 1998 . When interviewers desire to confirm negative expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies and inflated applicant self-perceptions . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 20 : 175 – 190 .
  • Kenny , D. A. , Kashy , D. A. and Cook , W. L. 2006 . Dyadic data analysis , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Leyens , J.-P. 1989 . Another look at confirmatory strategies during a real interview . European Journal of Social Psychology , 19 : 255 – 262 .
  • Leyens , J.-P. , Dardenne , B. and Fiske , S. T. 1998 . Why and under what circumstances is a hypothesis-consistent testing strategy preferred in interviews . British Journal of Social Psychology , 37 : 259 – 274 .
  • Lorr , M. and Wunderlich , R. A. 1988 . A semantic differential mood scale . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 : 33 – 35 .
  • Lubin , B. 1967 . Manual for the Depression Adjective Check Lists – Revised , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
  • Madon , S. , Smith , A. , Jussim , L. , Russell , D. W. , Eccles , J. Palumbo , P. 2001 . Am I as you see me or do you see me as I am? Self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 1213 – 1224 .
  • Major , B. , Cozzarelli , C. , Testa , M. and McFarlin , D. B. 1988 . Self-verification versus expectancy confirmation in social interaction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 346 – 359 .
  • McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. and Droppleman , L. F. 1971 . Manual for the Profile of Mood States , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
  • McNulty , S. E. and Swann , W. B. Jr . 1991 . “ Psychotherapy, self-concept change, and self-verification ” . In The relational self: Theoretical convergences in psychoanalysis and social psychology , Edited by: Curtis , R. C. 213 – 237 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • McNulty , S. E. and Swann , W. B. Jr . 1994 . Identity negotiation in roommate relationships: The self as architect and consequence of social reality . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 1012 – 1023 .
  • Snyder , M. 1992 . “ Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 25 , 67 – 114 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Snyder , M. and Haugen , J. A. 1994 . Why does behavioral confirmation occur? A functional perspective on the role of the perceiver . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 : 218 – 246 .
  • Snyder , M. and Stukas , A. A. 1999 . Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral activities in social interaction . Annual Review of Psychology , 50 : 273 – 303 .
  • Snyder , M. and Stukas , A. A. 2007 . “ Interpersonal processes in context: Understanding the influence of settings and situations on social interaction ” . In Social communication , Edited by: Fiedler , K. 363 – 388 . New York : Psychology Press .
  • Snyder , M. and Swann , W. B. Jr. 1978a . Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 1202 – 1212 .
  • Snyder , M. and Swann , W. B. Jr. 1978b . Behavioral confirmation in social interaction: From social perception to social reality . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 : 148 – 162 .
  • Snyder , M. , Tanke , E. D. and Berscheid , E. 1977 . Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 35 : 656 – 666 .
  • Snyder , M. and Thomsen , C. J. 1988 . “ Interactions between therapists and clients: Hypothesis testing and behavioral confirmation ” . In Reasoning, inference, and judgment in clinical psychology: Theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: Turk , D. C. and Salovey , P. 124 – 152 . New York : Free Press .
  • Stukas , A. A. and Snyder , M. 2002 . Targets' awareness of expectations and behavioral confirmation in ongoing interactions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 31 – 40 .
  • Swann , W. B. Jr. 1983 . “ Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self ” . In Social psychological perspectives on the self , Edited by: Suls , J. and Greenwald , A. G. Vol. 2 , 33 – 66 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Swann , W. B. Jr. 1987 . Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 1038 – 1051 .
  • Swann , W. B. Jr. and Ely , R. J. 1984 . A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 1287 – 1302 .
  • Swann , W. B. Jr. , Wenzlaff , R. A. , Krull , D. S. and Pelham , B. W. 1992 . Allure of negative feedback: Self-verification strivings among depressed persons . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 101 : 293 – 313 .
  • Swann , W. B. Jr. , Wenzlaff , R. M. and Tafarodi , R. W. 1992 . Depression and the search for negative evaluations: More evidence on the role of self-verification strivings . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 101 : 314 – 317 .
  • Turk , D. C. and Salovey , P. 1985 . Cognitive structures, cognitive processes, and cognitive-behavior modification: II. Judgments and inferences of the clinician . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 9 : 19 – 33 .
  • Turk , D. C. and Salovey , P. 1986 . “ Clinical information processing: Bias inoculation ” . In Information processing approaches to clinical psychology , Edited by: Ingram , R. E. 305 – 323 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Vorauer , J. D. and Miller , D. T. 1997 . Failure to recognize the effect of implicit social influence on the presentation of self . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 281 – 295 .
  • Vrugt , A. 1990 . Negative attitudes, nonverbal behavior and self-fulfilling prophecy in simulated therapy interviews . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 14 : 77 – 86 .
  • Wilson-Dallas , M. E. and Baron , R. S. 1985 . Do psychotherapists use a confirmatory strategy during interviewing . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 3 : 106 – 122 .
  • Zuckerman , M. and Lubin , B. 1965 . Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List – Revised , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.