1,499
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Racial Identity as a Moderator of Daily Exposure and Reactivity to Racial Discrimination

&
Pages 383-402 | Received 19 Feb 2009, Accepted 29 Jun 2009, Published online: 02 Oct 2009

References

  • Ashburn-Nardo , L. , Monteith , M. J. , Arthur , S. A. and Bain , A. 2007 . Race and the psychological health of African Americans . Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 10 : 471 – 491 .
  • Banks , K. H. and Kohn-Wood , L. P. 2006 . The influence of racial identity profiles on the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms . Journal of Black Psychology , 33 : 331 – 354 .
  • Bolger , N. and Zuckerman , A. 1995 . A framework for studying personality in the stress process . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 890 – 902 .
  • Branscombe , N. R. , Schmitt , M. T. and Harvey , R. D. 1999 . Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 135 – 149 .
  • Broudy , R. , Brondolo , E. , Coakley , V. , Brady , N. , Cassells , A. Tobin , J. N. 2007 . Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to daily moods and negative social interactions . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 30 : 31 – 43 .
  • Bryk , A. S. and Raudenbush , S. W. 1992 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Caldwell , C. H. , Kohn-Wood , L. P. , Schmeelk-Cone , K. H. , Chavous , T. M. and Zimmerman , M. A. 2004 . Racial discrimination and racial identity as risk and protective factors for violent behaviors in African American young adults . American Journal of Community Psychology , 33 : 91 – 105 .
  • Caldwell , C. H. , Zimmerman , M. A. , Bernat , D. H. , Sellers , R. M. and Notaro , P. 2002 . Racial identity, maternal support, and psychological distress among African American adolescents . Child Development , 73 : 1322 – 1336 .
  • Cokley , K. 2006 . “ The impact of racialized schools and racist (mis)education on African American students' academic identity ” . In Addressing racism: Facilitating cultural competence in mental health and educational settings , Edited by: Constantine , M. and Sue , D. 127 – 144 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
  • Cross , T. and Slater , R. B. 2000 . The alarming decline in the academic performance of African American men . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , 27 : 82 – 87 .
  • Evans , G. and Cokley , K. 2008 . African American women and the academy: Using career mentoring to increase research productivity . Training and Education in Professional Psychology , 2 : 50 – 57 .
  • Feagin , J. R. 2001 . Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations , New York : Routledge .
  • Feldman-Barrett , L. and Russell , J. A. 1998 . Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 967 – 984 .
  • Foster , K. M. 2005 . Diet of disparagement: The racial experiences of Black students in a predominantly White university . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 18 : 489 – 505 .
  • Greene , M. , Way , N. and Pahl , K. 2006 . Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates . Developmental Psychology , 42 : 218 – 238 .
  • Guyll , M. , Matthews , K. A. and Bromberger , J. T. 2001 . Discrimination and unfair treatment: Relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women . Health Psychology , 20 : 315 – 325 .
  • Harrell , S. P. 1994 . The racism and life experience scales Unpublished Manuscript
  • Harrell , S. P. 2000 . A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 70 : 42 – 57 .
  • Kaiser , C. R. and Pratt-Hyatt , J. S. 2009 . Distributing prejudice unequally: Do Whites direct their prejudice toward strongly identified minorities . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96 : 432 – 445 .
  • Kessler , R. C. , Mickelson , K. D. and Williams , D. R. 1999 . The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 40 : 208 – 230 .
  • Klonoff , E. A. and Landrine , H. 1999 . Cross-validation of the schedule of racist events . Journal of Black Psychology , 25 : 231 – 254 .
  • Klonoff , E. A. , Landrine , H. and Ullman , J. B. 1999 . Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 5 : 329 – 339 .
  • Lewis , C. W. , Ginsberg , R. , Davies , T. and Smith , K. 2004 . The experiences of African American PhD students at a predominantly White Carnegie 1-Research institution . College Student Journal , 38 : 231 – 245 .
  • Marks , B. , Settles , I. H. , Cooke , D. Y. , Morgan , L. and Sellers , R. M. 2004 . “ African American racial identity: A review of contemporary models and measures ” . In Black psychology , (4th ed , Edited by: Jones , R. L. 383 – 404 . Hampton, VA : Cobb & Henry .
  • Maton , K. I. and Hrabowski , F. A. III . 2004 . Increasing the number of African American PhDs in the sciences and engineering: A strengths-based approach . American Psychologist , 59 : 547 – 556 .
  • Maton , K. I. , Kohout , J. L. , Wicherski , M. , Leary , G. E. and Vinokurov , A. 2006 . Minority students of color and the psychology graduate pipeline: Disquieting and encouraging trends, 1989–2003 . American Psychologist , 61 : 117 – 131 .
  • McCoy , S. K. and Major , B. 2003 . Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1005 – 1017 .
  • McHorney , C. A. and Ware , J. E. 1995 . Construction and validation of an alternate form general mental health scale for the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey . Medical Care , 33 : 15 – 28 .
  • Mendoza-Denton , R. , Downey , G. , Purdie , V. , Davis , A. and Pietrzak , J. 2002 . Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students' college experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 896 – 918 .
  • Neblett , E. WJR. , Shelton , J. N. and Sellers , R. M. 2004 . “ The role of racial identity in managing daily racial hassles ” . In Racial identity in context: The legacy of Kenneth B. Clark , Edited by: Philogene , G. 77 – 90 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Operario , D. and Fiske , S. T. 2001 . Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and evaluations of subtle versus blatant bias . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 550 – 561 .
  • Pierce , C. M. 1995 . “ Stress analogs of racism and sexism: Terrorism, torture, and disaster ” . In Mental health, racism, and sexism , Edited by: Willie , C. , Rieker , P. , Kramer , B. and Brown , B. 277 – 293 . Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press .
  • Pieterse , A. L. and Carter , R. T. 2007 . An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among Black men . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 : 101 – 109 .
  • Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
  • Raudenbush , S. W. and Bryk , A. S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , (2nd ed.) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Scott , L. D. and House , L. E. 2005 . Relationship of distress and perceived control to coping with perceived racial discrimination among Black youth . Journal of Black Psychology , 31 : 254 – 272 .
  • Seaton , E. K. 2009 . Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents . Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology , 15 : 137 – 144 .
  • Sellers , R. M. , Caldwell , C. H. , Schmeelk-Cone , K. and Zimmerman , M. A. 2003 . The role of racial identity and racial discrimination in the mental health of African American young adults . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 44 : 302 – 317 .
  • Sellers , R. M. , Copeland-Linder , N. , Martin , P. and Lewis , R. 2006 . Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 16 : 187 – 216 .
  • Sellers , R. M. , Morgan , L. and Brown , T. N. 2001 . “ A multidimensional approach to racial identity: Implications for African American children ” . In Forging links: Clinical-developmental perspectives on African American children , Edited by: Neal-Barnett , A. 23 – 56 . West Port, CT : Praeger .
  • Sellers , R. M. , Rowley , S. AJ. , Chavous , T. M. , Shelton , J. N. and Smith , M. A. 1997 . Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 805 – 815 .
  • Sellers , R. M. and Shelton , J. N. 2003 . The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 1079 – 1092 .
  • Sellers , R. M. , Smith , M. A. , Shelton , J. N. , Rowley , S. AJ. and Chavous , T. M. 1998 . Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 : 18 – 39 .
  • Serido , J. , Almeida , D. M. and Wethington , E. 2004 . Chronic stressors and daily hassles: Unique and interactive relationships with psychological distress . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 45 : 17 – 33 .
  • Singer , J. D. and Willett , J. B. 2003 . Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Smith , W. A. , Allen , W. R. and Danley , L. L. 2007 . “Assume the position … You fit the description”: Campus racial climate and the psychosocial experiences of African American male college students . American Behavioral Scientist , 51 : 551 – 578 .
  • Solorzano , D. , Ceja , M. and Yosso , T. 2000 . Critical race theory, racial microaggression, and campus racial climate: The experience of African American college students . The Journal of Negro Education , 69 : 60 – 73 .
  • Sue , D. W. , Nadal , K. L. , Capodilupo , C. M. , Lin , A. I. , Torino , G. C. and Rivera , D. P. 2008 . Racial microaggressions against Black Americans: Implications for counseling . Journal of Counseling and Development , 86 : 330 – 338 .
  • Swim , J. K. , Hyers , L. L. , Cohen , L. L. , Fitzgerald , D. C. and Bylsma , W. H. 2003 . African American college students' experiences with everyday racism: Characteristics of and responses to these incidents . Journal of Black Psychology , 29 : 38 – 67 .
  • Tajfel , H. and Turner , J. C. 1986 . “ The social identity theory of inter-group behavior ” . In Psychology of intergroup relations , Edited by: Worchel , S. and Austin , L. W. 7 – 24 . Chicago : Nelson-Hall .
  • Veit , C. T. and Ware , J. E. 1983 . The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 51 : 730 – 742 .
  • Wheaton , B. 1994 . “ Sampling the stress universe ” . In Stress and mental health: Contemporary issues and prospects for the future , Edited by: Gotlib , I. H. and Avison , W. R. 77 – 114 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Williams , D. R. , Neighbors , H. W. and Jackson , J. S. 2003 . Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies . American Journal of Public Health , 93 : 200 – 208 .
  • Williams , D. R. , Spencer , M. S. and Jackson , J. S. 1999 . “ Race, stress, and physical health: The role of group identity ” . In Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations , Edited by: Ashmore , R. D. and Contrada , R. J. 71 – 100 . London : Oxford University Press .
  • Williams , D. R. and Williams-Morris , R. 2000 . Racism and mental health: The African American experience . Ethnicity and Health , 5 : 243 – 268 .
  • Yip , T. , Gee , G. C. and Takeuchi , D. T. 2008 . Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 787 – 800 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.