Experimental Evidence That Low Social Status Is Most Toxic to Well-Being When Internalized

References

• AbuSabha, R., & Achterberg, C. (1997). Review of self-efficacy and locus of control for nutrition- and health-related behavior. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 1122–1132. 10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00273-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586–592. 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, N., & Matthews, K. (1994). Health psychology: Why do some people get sick and some stay well?Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 229–259. 10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.001305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, N. E., & Snibbe, A. C. (2003). The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 119–123. 10.1111/1467-8721.01245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C., Kraus, M. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Keltner, D. A. (2012). The local-ladder effect: Social status and subjective well-being. Psychological Science, 23, 764–771. 10.1177/0956797611434537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, A. A., Buka, S. L., McCormick, M. C., Koenen, K. C., Loucks, E. B., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). The association between childhood emotional functioning and adulthood inflammation is modified by early-life socioeconomic status. Health Psychology, 31, 413–422. 10.1037/a0027300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2012). ‘Shift-and-persist’ strategies: Why low socioeconomic status isn't always bad for health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 135–158. 10.1177/1745691612436694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clougherty, J. E., Eisen, E. A., Slade, M. D., Kawachi, I., & Cullen, M. R. (2011). Gender and sex differences in job status and hypertension. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68, 16–23. 10.1136/oem.2009.049908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz, G. A. (2007). From epidemiology to cancer prevention: Implications for the 21st century. Cancer Causes and Control, 18, 117–123. 10.1007/s10552-007-0117-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180. 10.1037/a0014564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 182–185. 10.1037/a0012801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2011). Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being: The role of psychological needs. Psychological Inquiry, 22, 17–22. 10.1080/1047840X.2011.545978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Bushman, B., Im, C., & Williams, K. (2010). A little acceptance goes a long way: Applying social impact theory to the rejection-aggression link. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 168–174. 10.1177/1948550610361387.
   Google Scholar
• Di Domenico, S. I., & Fournier, M. A. (2014). Socioeconomic status, income inequality, and health complaints: A basic psychological needs perspective. Social Indicators Research. 10.1007/s11205-013-0572-8.
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S. (2008). Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 391–394. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00612.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, R. L., & Palmer, R. (2004). Variations in health status within and between socioeconomic strata. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 381–387. 10.1136/jech.2002.003251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199–223. 10.1023/A:1025007614869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaed, S. G., & Gallo, L. C. (2007). Subjective social status, objective socioeconomic status, and cardiovascular risk in women. Health Psychology, 26, 668–674. 10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, F., Xu, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2012). Beyond conventional socioeconomic status: Examining subjective and objective social status with self-reported health among Asian immigrants. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 407–419. 10.1007/s10865-011-9367-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, M. G., Swanson, D. P., Lynch, M., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Testing satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and physical and mental health. Journal of Health Psychology (online first), 1–11. 10.1177/1359105314543962.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Daniels, S. R., Morrison, J. A., Slap, G. B., & Dolan, L. M. (2003). Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents. Obesity Research, 11, 1018–1026. 10.1038/oby.2003.140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Adolescents' perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 103, 31–38. 10.1542/peds.108.2.e31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A., Stafford, M., Roberts, R., & Marmot, M. (1997). The impact of socioeconomic status on health functioning as assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire: The Whitehall II Study. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1484–1490. 10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7, e1000316, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, B., Richman, L., LaBelle, O., Lempereur, M., & Twenge, J. (2014). Subjective social status and psychological correlates in a low-income sample (Unpublished manuscript).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, B., Twenge, J., Souza, C., Chiang, J., & Goodman, E. (2011). Low social status promotes ruminative coping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 2434–2456. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00820.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, M. M., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Measuring basic needs satisfaction: Evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the basic needs satisfaction in general scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35, 280–296. 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L. (1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 763–773. 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(Extra issue), 80–94. http://www.1796kotok.com/pdfs/socialconditions.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., & Shema, S. J. (1997). Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 1889–1895. 10.1056/NEJM199712253372606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325–340. 10.1177/1745691612447309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bruinvels, D., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010). Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 60, 277–286. 10.1093/occmed/kqq081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. (1991). The meaning and measurement of explanatory style. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 1–10. 10.1207/s15327965pli0201_1.
   Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010). Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S28–S40. 10.1177/0022146510383498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377–391. 10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419–435. 10.1177/0146167200266002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitzel, L. R., Buchanan, T. S., Nguyen, N., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2014). Associations of subjective social status with nondaily and daily smoking. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38, 245–253. 10.5993/AJHB.38.2.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397–427. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G. D., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). The relationship closeness induction task. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 23, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Shih, M., Sanchez, D. T., & Ho, G. C. (2010). Costs and benefits of switching among multiple social identities. In R. J.Crisp (Ed.), The psychology of social and cultural diversity (pp. 62–83). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444325447.ch4.
   Google Scholar
• Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Subjective social status: Its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1321–1333. 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00131-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status?Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 855–861. 10.1097/01.psy.0000188434.52941.a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemler, S. E. (2004). A comparison of consensus, consistency, and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. 9. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v = 9&n = 4.
   Google Scholar
• Su, Y., & Reeve, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of intervention programs designed to support autonomy. Educational Psychology Review, 23, 159–188. 10.1007/s10648-010-9142-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley, A. E., Kocum, L., Schlegel, R. J., Molix, L., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2012). Social roles, basic need satisfaction, and psychological health: The central role of competence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 155–173. 10.1177/0146167211432762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., Repetti, R. L., & Seeman, T. (1997). Health psychology: What is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 411–447. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Boone, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2013). Daily ups and downs in women's binge eating symptoms: The role of basic psychological needs, general self-control, and emotional eating. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 335–361. 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.3.335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Kontos, E. Z., Viswanath, K., Haas, J. S., Lathan, C. S., MacConaill, L. E., … Ayanian, J. Z. (2012). Integrating multiple social statuses in health disparities research: The case of lung cancer. Health Services Research, 47, 1255–1277. 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01404.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, G. C., McGregor, H., Sharp, D., Kouides, R. W., Lévesque, C. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers' health. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 1288–1294. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00621.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335–351. 10.1177/135910539700200305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff, L. S., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Subramanian, S. V., Weber, D., & Kawachi, I. (2010). Subjective social status, a new measure in health disparities research: Do race/ethnicity and choice of referent group matter?Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 560–574. 10.1177/1359105309354345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf, S. H., & Braveman, P. (2011). Where health disparities begin: The role of social and economic determinants—And why current policies may make matters worse. Health Affairs, 30, 1852–1859. 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, C. E., & Steptoe, A. (2005). Subjective socioeconomic position, gender and cortisol responses to waking in an elderly population. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 582–590. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Chen, Q., McCubbin, H., McCubbin, L., & Foley, S. (2011). Predictors of mental and physical health: Individual and neighborhood levels of education, social well-being, and ethnicity. Health and Place, 17, 238–247. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar