Warming Up and Cooling Down: Self-Esteem and Behavioral Responses to Social Threat During Relationship Initiation

References

• Ambady, N., & Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 256–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, D. B., Holmes, J. G., & Wood, J. V. (2007). Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1024–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, D. B., Wood, J. V., & Holmes, J. G. (2007). Testing sociometer theory: Self-esteem and the importance of acceptance for social decision-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 425–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold-Ratliff, K. (2014, January). Make Peace. In 17 make-it-happen makeovers to try today (O, The Oprah Magazine). Retrieved from http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Easy-Makeovers-Small-Life-Changes/5.
   Google Scholar
• Asendorf, J. B., Penke, L., & Back, M. D. (2011). From dating to mating and relating: Predictors of initial and long-term outcomes of speed-dating in a community sample. European Journal of Personality, 25, 16–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2013). When low self-esteem encourages behaviors that risk rejection to increase interdependence: The role of relational self-construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 995–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Funder, D. C. (2007). Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: Whatever happened to actual behavior?Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 396–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J. J., Stinson, D. A., Gaetz, R., & Balchen, S. (2010). Acceptance is in the eye of the beholder: Self-esteem and motivated perceptions of acceptance from the opposite sex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 513–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J. J., Stinson, D. A., & Wood, J. V. (2013). The bold and the bashful: Self-esteem, gender, and relationship initiation. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 685–692.
   Google Scholar
• Cavallo, J. V., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Holmes, J. G. (2009). Taking chances in the face of threat: Romantic risk regulation and approach motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 737–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo, J. V., Holmes, J. G., Fitzsimons, G. M., Murray, S. L., & Wood, J. V. (2012). Managing motivational conflict: How self-esteem and executive resources influence self-regulatory responses to risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 430–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, R. C., & Miller, K. (1986). Believing another likes or dislikes you: Behaviors making the beliefs come true. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 284–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHart, T., Murray, S. L., Pelham, B. W., & Rose, P. (2003). The regulation of dependency in parent–child relationships. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 59–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2008). Methods: Speed-dating as a methodological innovation. The Psychologist, 21, 402–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Thomas, G., & Giles, L. (1999). Ideals in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 72–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaucher, D., Wood, J. V., Stinson, D. A., Forest, A. L., Holmes, J. G., & Logel, C. (2012). Perceived regard explains self-esteem differences in expressivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1144–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammer, K. (1990). Strangers meet: Laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite-sex encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 209–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2000). Interpersonal evaluations following threats to the self: Role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 725–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaremka, L. M., Bunyan, D. P., Collins, N. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2011). Reducing defensive distancing: Self-affirmation and risk regulation in response to relationship threats. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 264–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss, K. J., George, M. W., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2013). Patterns of children's adrenocortical reactivity to interparental conflict and associations with child adjustment: A growth mixture modeling approach. Developmental Psychology, 49, 317–326. 10.1037/a0028246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R. (2004). The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of interpersonal behavior. In R. F.Baumeister & K. D.Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 373–391). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P.Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1–62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Terry, M. L., Allen, A. B., & Tate, E. B. (2009). The concept of ego-threat in social and personality psychology: Is ego threat a viable scientific construct?Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 151–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay, E. P.Jr, & Clark, M. S. (2009). Self-esteem and communal responsiveness toward a flawed partner: The fair-weather care of low self-esteem individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 698–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay, E. P.Jr, Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012). Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 982–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marigold, D. C., Holmes, J. G., & Ross, M. (2010). Fostering relationship resilience: An intervention for low self-esteem individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 624–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, M., Lydon, J. E., Baccus, J. R., & Baldwin, M. W. (2010). A signal detection analysis of chronic attachment anxiety at speed dating: Being unpopular is only the first part of the problem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1024–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, C., & Ross, M. (1982). Impact of causal attribution on affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 937–946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan-Lopez, A. A., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2006). Demonstration and evaluation of a method for assessing mediated moderation. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 852–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (2011). Interdependent minds: The dynamics of close relationships. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Collins, N. L. (2006). The relational signature of felt security. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 641–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S. L., Rose, P., Bellavia, G., Holmes, J., & Kusche, A. (2002). When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 556–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, D. (2014). Learn to flirt ‘til it hurts. New York, NY: Brain Food.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson, D. A., Cameron, J. J., & Robinson, K. J. (in press). The good, the bad, and the risky: Self-esteem, rewards and costs, and interpersonal risk-regulation during relationship initiation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.
   Google Scholar
• Stinson, D. A., Cameron, J. J., Wood, J. V., Gaucher, G., & Holmes, J. G. (2009). Deconstructing the “reign of error:” Interpersonal warmth explains the self-fulfilling prophecy of anticipated acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1165–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson, D. A., Logel, C., Shepherd, S., & Zanna, M. P. (2011). Rewriting the self-fulfilling prophecy of social rejection: Self-affirmation improves relational security and social behavior up to 2 months later. Psychological Science, 22, 1145–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Self-esteem and threats to self: Implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1103–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004). Ego threats elicits different social comparison processes among high and low self-esteem people: Implications for interpersonal perceptions. Social Cognition, 22, 168–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorauer, J. D., & Ratner, R. K. (1996). Who's going to make the first move? Pluralistic ignorance as an impediment to relationship formation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13, 483–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2011). A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science, 331, 1447–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins, J. S. (1996). The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K., & Harvey, D. (2001). Transcendent experience in forest environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 249–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. V., & Forest, A. L. (2011). Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain in interpersonal relationships. In M. D.Alicke & C.Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 258–278). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar