Can self-compassion improve sleep quality via reduced rumination?

References

• Åkerstedt, T., Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, T., Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, G. (2002). Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(3), 741–748. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00333-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åkerstedt, T., Orsini, N., Petersen, H., Axelsson, J., Lekander, M., & Kecklund, G. (2012). Predicting sleep quality from stress and prior sleep – A study of day-to-day covariation across six weeks. Sleep Medicine, 13(6), 674–679. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: A focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(4), 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2011). Self-compassion and relationship maintenance: The moderating roles of conscientiousness and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 853–873. doi:10.1037/a0021884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, C. M., & Wagner, D. T. (2009). Changing to daylight saving time cuts into sleep and increases workplace injuries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1305–1317. doi:10.1037/a0015320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berset, M., Elfering, A., Lüthy, S., Lüthi, S., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). Work stressors and impaired sleep: Rumination as a mediator. Stress and Health, 27(2), 71–82, doi:10.1002/smi.1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless, H., & Burger, A. M. (2016). A closer look at social psychologists’ silver bullet: Inevitable and evitable side effects of the experimental approach. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(2), 296–308. doi:10.1177/1745691615621278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(2), 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, K. F., Yeung, W. F., Ho, F. Y. Y., Yung, K. P., Yu, Y. M., & Kwok, C. W. (2015). Cross-cultural and comparative epidemiology of insomnia: The diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM), international classification of diseases (ICD) and international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD). Sleep Medicine, 16(4), 477–482. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy, F., Prestwich, A., Caperon, L., & O’Connor, D. B. (2016). Perseverative cognition and health behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 534. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diedrich, A., Hofmann, S. G., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M. (2016). Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 82, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., … Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 h per night. Sleep, 20(4), 267–277. doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gieselmann, A., de Jong-Meyer, R., & Pietrowsky, R. (2012). Kognitive und körperliche Erregung in der Phase vor dem Einschlafen. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 41(2), 73–80. doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000134
   Google Scholar
• Gong, H., Ni, C. X., Liu, Y. Z., Zhang, Y., Su, W. J., Lian, Y. J., … Jiang, C. L. (2016). Mindfulness meditation for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 89, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. M., Mendes, W. B., & Prather, A. A. (2017). The social side of sleep: Elucidating the links between sleep and social processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(5), 470–475. doi:10.1177/0963721417712269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeson, J. M., Juberg, M. K., Maytan, M., James, K., & Rogers, H. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of Koru: A mindfulness program for college students and other emerging adults. Journal of American College Health, 62(4), 222–233. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.887571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guastella, A. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). The impact of rumination on sleep quality following a stressful life event. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 1151–1162. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Nowell, P. D., Nofzinger, E. A., Houck, P., Reynolds, C. F., III, & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 227–230. doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 869–893. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, A., Cavanagh, J., & Scott, J. (2003). A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(3), 209–217. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00266-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, C. D., Stanton, B. A., Niemcryk, S. J., & Rose, R. M. (1988). A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 41(4), 313–321. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(88)90138-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, M., Sheppes, G., & Sadeh, A. (2013). Sleep and emotions: Bidirectional links and underlying mechanisms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(2), 218–228. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper, K. J., Mo, X., & Khayat, R. (2015). Are mindfulness and self-compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health professionals? The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(8), 496–503. doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., Uchiyama, M., Okawa, M., Liu, X., & Ogihara, R. (2000). An epidemiological study of insomnia among the Japanese general population. Sleep, 23(1), 41–47. doi:10.1093/sleep/23.1.1a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998–2004). Sleep, 29(11), 1398–1414. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264–274. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicassio, P. M., Mendlowitz, D. R., Fussell, J. J., & Petras, L. (1985). The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state: The development of the pre-sleep arousal scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(3), 263–271. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90004-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115–121. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon, M. M. (2002). Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6(2), 97–111. doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, N. J., Johnson, L. L., & Nahin, R. L. (2006). Insomnia, trouble sleeping, and complementary and alternative medicine: Analysis of the 2002 national health interview survey data. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(16), 1775–1782. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.16.1775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757–761. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. doi:10.1002/cpp.702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., & Nissen, C. (2010). The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlack, R., Hapke, U., Maske, U., Busch, M., & Cohrs, S. (2013). Häufigkeit und Verteilung von Schlafproblemen und Insomnie in der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung [Frequency and distribution of sleep problems and insomnia in a representative German adult sample]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 56(5–6), 740–748. doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1689-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., Kitner, R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661. doi:10.1037/hea0000158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, M. L., & Leary, M. R. (2011). Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self and Identity, 10(3), 352–362. doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.558404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen, D. K., Mehlsen, M. Y., Christensen, S., & Zachariae, R. (2003). Rumination – relationship with negative mood and sleep quality. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(7), 1293–1301. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00120-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. doi:10.1023/A:1023910315561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandekerckhove, M., & Cluydts, R. (2010). The emotional brain and sleep: An intimate relationship. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(4), 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winbush, N. Y., Gross, C. R., & Kreitzer, M. J. (2007). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep disturbance: A systematic review. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 3(6), 585–591. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2007.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlhofer, J., Seidel, S., Klösch, G., Moser, D., Anderer, P., Saletu, B., …Fugger, B. (2010). Sleep habits and sleep complaints in Austria: Current self-reported data on sleep behaviour, sleep disturbances and their treatment. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 122(6), 398–403. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01325.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. doi:10.1111/aphw.12051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar