I am Multiracial: Predictors of Multiracial identification strength among mixed ancestry individuals

References

• AhnAllen, J. M., Suyemoto, K. L., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Relationship between physical appearance, sense of belonging and exclusion, and racial/ethnic self-identification among multiracial Japanese European Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(4), 673–686.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Binning, K. R., Unzueta, M. M., Huo, Y. J., & Molina, L. E. (2009). The interpretation of multiracial status and its relation to social engagement and psychological well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 65(1), 35–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackett, K. P., Marcus, A., McKenzie, N. J., Mullins, L. C., Tang, Z., & Allen, A. M. (2006). The effects of multiracial identification on students’ perceptions of racism. The Social Science Journal, 43(3), 437–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., Wann, D. L., Noel, J. G., & Coleman, J. (1993). In-group or out-group extremity: importance of the threatened social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(4), 381–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, D. L., & Rockquemore, K. A. (2001). The new color complex: Appearances and biracial identity. Identity, 3(1), 29–52.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. E., & Troyer, L. (2007). The implications of racial misclassification by observers. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 750–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Bourguignon, D., & Seron, E. (2002). Who may enter? The impact of in-group identification on in-group/out-group categorization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 315–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (2012). Natural ambiguities: Racial categorization of multiracial individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 152–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. M., Moons, W. G., Gaither, S. E., Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (2014). Motivation to control prejudice predicts categorization of Multiracials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(5), 590–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheryan, S., & Monin, B. (2005). “Where are you really from?”: Asian Americans and identity denial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 717–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Scribner’s Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, F. J. (1991). Who is Black? One nation’s definition. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. M., & Kao, G. (2007). Are racial identities of Multiracials stable? Changing self-identification among single and multiple race individuals. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 405–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of race: How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4), 390–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1–74). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franco, M. G., & Franco, S. A. (2016). Impact of identity invalidation for Black Multiracial people: The importance of race of perpetrator. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(6), 530–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E. (2015). “Mixed” results: Multiracial research and identity explorations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(2), 114–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E. (2018). The multiplicity of belonging: Pushing identity research beyond binary thinking. Self and Identity, 17(4), 443–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E., Babbitt, L., & Sommers, S. R. (2018). Resolving racial ambiguity in social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Pscyhology, 76, 259–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E., Sommers, S. R., & Ambady, N. (2013). When the half affects the whole: Priming identity for biracial individuals in social interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 368–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giamo, L. S., Schmitt, M. T., & Outten, H. R. (2012). Perceived discrimination, group identification, and life satisfaction among multiracial people: A test of the rejection-identification model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(4), 319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, J. J., Chavez, G. F., & Sanchez, D. T. (2010). Sources of self-categorization as minority for mixed-race individuals: Implications for affirmative action entitlement. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 453–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. R., & Sim, J. J. (2002). Who is Multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 614–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, M. (2004). Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification in Multiracial adolescents. Child Development, 75(3), 730–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewstone, M., Hantzi, A., & Johnston, L. (1991). Social categorization and person memory: The pervasiveness of race as an organizing principle. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21(6), 517–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the making: Cognition, culture, and the child’s construction of human kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hitlin, S., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2006). Racial self-categorization in adolescence: Multiracial development and social pathways. Child Development, 77(5), 1298–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. R., Ellis, M., Wright, R., & Hudson, M. (2005). Partnering ‘out’ and fitting in: Residential segregation and the neighbourhood contexts of mixed-race households. Population, Space, and Place, 11(4), 299–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 616–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, N. A., & Smith, A. S. (2001). The two or more races population: 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, C. R., & Pratt-Hyatt, J. S. (2009). Distributing prejudice unequally: Do Whites direct their prejudice toward strongly identified minorities? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 432–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, J. (2005). In genes we trust: The biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 686–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1–62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012). Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Behavioral Research Methods, 44(1), 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuoka, N. (2011). The “Multiracial” option: Social group identity and changing patterns of racial categorization. American Politics Research, 39(1), 176–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 550–561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauker, K., Meyers, C., Sanchez, D. T., Gaither, S. E., & Young, D. M. (2018). A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(6), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2015). Multiracial in America: Proud, diverse, and growing in numbers. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2015/06/2015-06-11_multiracial-in-america_final-updated.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2017). The rise of multiracial and multiethnic babies in the U.S. Washington, DC: Livingston. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/06/the-rise-of-multiracial-and-multiethnic-babies-in-the-u-s/
   Google Scholar
• Quillian, L., & Redd, R. (2009). The friendship networks of Multiracial adolescents. Social Science Research, 38(2), 279–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn, K. A. (2000). Patterns of situational identity among Biracial and Multiracial college students. The Review of Higher Education, 23(4), 399–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn, K. A. (2008). Research on Biracial and Multiracial identity development: Overview and synthesis. In K. A. Renn & P. Shang (Eds.), Biracial and Multiracial students, New directions for student services (pp. 13–32). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Richeson, J. A., & Sommers, S. R. (2016). Toward a social psychology of race and race relations for the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 439–463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rockquemore, K. A. (1999). Between black and white: Exploring the biracial experience. Race and Society, 1(2), 197–212.
   Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, K. A., & Arend, P. (2002). Opting for White: Choice, fluidity, and racial identity construction in post civil-rights America. Race and Society, 5(1), 49–64.
   Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2002). Socially embedded identities: Theories, typologies, and processes of racial identity among Black/White biracials. The Sociological Quarterly, 43(3), 335–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2004). Negotiating racial identity: Biracial women and interactional validation. Women & Therapy, 27(1–2), 85–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root, M. P. P. (Ed.). (1996). The Multiracial experience: Racial borders as the new frontier. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, W. D. (2016). The multiple dimensions of race. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(8), 1310–1338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley, S. A., Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Smith, M. A. (1998). The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 715–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahuddin, N. M., & O’Brien, K. M. (2011). Challenges and resilience in the lives of urban, multiracial adults: An instrument development study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 494–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, D. T., Shih, M., & Garcia, J. A. (2009). Juggling multiple racial identities: Malleable racial identification and well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 243–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Kobrynowicz, D., & Owen, S. (2002). Perceiving discrimination against one’s gender group has different implications for well-being in women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 197–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Cooke, D. Y. (1998). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students’ academic performance. Journal of Black Psychology, 24(1), 8–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Settles, I. H., Jellison, W. A., & Pratt-Hyatt, J. S. (2009). Identification with multiple social groups: The moderating role of identity change over time among women-scientists. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 856–867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, M., & Sanchez, D. T. (2009). When race becomes even more complex: Toward understanding the landscape of Multiracial identity and experiences. Journal of Social Issues, 65(1), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tice, D. M., & Wallace, H. M. (2003). The reflected self: Creating yourself as (you think) others see you. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 91–105). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, S. S. M., Fryberg, S. A., Wilkins, C. L., & Markus, H. R. (2012). Being mixed: Who claims a biracial identity? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, A. G., Miyake, E. R., Martinez-Morales, V., & Csizmadia, A. (2016). “What are you?” Multiracial individuals’ responses to racial identification inquiries. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(1), 26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas, N., & Stainback, K. (2016). Documenting contested racial identities among self-identified Latina/os, Asians, Blacks, and Whites. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4), 442–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, C. L., Kaiser, C. R., & Rieck, H. (2010). Detecting racial identification: The role of phenotypic prototypicality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1029–1034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. J., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2008). Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1033–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilton, L. S., Sanchez, D. T., & Garcia, J. A. (2013). The stigma of privilege: Racial identity and stigma consciousness among biracial individuals. Race and Social Problems, 5(1), 41–56.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, H. C., Jackson, K., Guevarra, R. P., Miller, M. J., & Harrington, B. (2016). Construction and initial validation of the Multiracial experiences measure (MEM). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar