A multidimensional approach to perfectionism and self-compassion

References

• Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 815–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basco, M. R. (1998). Perfectionism and diabetes care. Diabetes Spectrum, 11(1), 43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Beekman, J. B., Stock, M. L., & Howe, G. W. (2017). Stomaching rejection: Self-compassion and self-esteem moderate the impact of daily social rejection on restrictive eating behaviours among college women. Psychology and Health, 0446(October), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017). The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–12. doi:10.1177/1359105317713361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, L., & Soenens, B. (2015). In double trouble for eating pathology? An experimental study on the combined role of perfectionism and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 47, 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Psychological Society. (2009). Code of ethics and conduct. Leicester, UK: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. B. (1995). One application of structural equation modeling from two perspectives: Exploring the EQS and LISREL strategies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts issues, and applications (pp. 138–157). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Castilho, P., Carvalho, S. A., Marques, S., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in adolescence: A multigroup mediational study of the impact of shame memories on depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 759–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, J. R., & Rice, K. G. (2003). Perfectionism and ethnicity: Implications for depressive symptoms and self-reported academic achievement. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9(1), 64–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang, E. C., Watkins, A., & Banks, K. H. (2004). How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 93–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Carolina, N., Curran, P. J., Bollen, K. A., & Kirby, J. N. (2009). An empirical evaluation of the use of fixed cutoff points in RMSEA test statistic in structural equation models. Social Methods Research, 36(4), 462–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, K. B., Naritoku, D. K., Smith, D. C., Browning, R. A., Jensen, R. A., Muhtadie, L., … Sørensen, L. (2015). Trait self-compassion reflects emotional flexibility through an association with high vagally mediated heart rate variability. Mindfulness, 109(1), 106–120.
   Google Scholar
• Craiovan, P. M. (2014). Correlations between perfectionism, stress, psychopathological symptoms and burnout in the medical dield. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 529–533.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2017). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin. doi:10.1037/bul0000138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48(2), 198–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowd, A. J., & Jung, M. E. (2017). Self-compassion directly and indirectly predicts dietary adherence and quality of life among adults with celiac disease. Appetite, 113, 293–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkley, D. M., Berg, J.-L., & Zuroff, D. C. (2012). The role of perfectionism in daily self-esteem, attachment, and negative affect. Journal of Personality, 80(3), 633–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Sareen, J., & Freeman, P. (2001). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in medical students: A longitudinal investigation. Medical Education, 35(11), 1034–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayers, P. M., & Machin, D. (2000). Quality of life: Assessment, analysis and interpretation (3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrari, M., Dal Cin, M., & Steele, M. (2017). Self-compassion is associated with optimum self-care behaviour, medical outcomes and psychological well-being in a cross-sectional sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 1–8. doi:10.1111/dme.13451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS One, 13(2), e0192022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2014). The destructiveness of perfectionism revisited: Implications for the assessment of suicide risk and the prevention of suicide. Review of General Psychology, 18(3), 156–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis, A. M., Consedine, N. S., & Johnson, M. H. (2015). Does kindness matter? Diabetes, depression, and self-compassion: A selective review and research agenda. Diabetes Spectrum, 28(4), 252–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friis, A. M., Johnson, M. H., Cutfield, R. G., & Consedine, N. S. (2016). Kindness matters: A randomized controlled trial of a mindful self-compassion intervention improves depression, distress, and HbA1c among patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 39(11), 1963–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau, P., Franche, V., Kljajic, K., & Martinelli, G. (2017). The 2×2 model of perfectionism: Assumptions, trends, and potential developments. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 44–67). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gotwals, J. K., Stoeber, J., Dunn, J. G. H., & Stoll, O. (2012). Are perfectionistic strivings in sport adaptive? A systematic review of confirmatory, contradictory, and mixed evidence. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 263–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, H. K., & Hill, A. P. (2012). Perfectionism, dysfunctional achievement striving and burnout in aspiring athletes: The motivational implications for performing artists. Theatre, Dance and Performance Training, 3(2), 216–228.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, S. L., Robertson, N., Apps, L., Steiner, M. C., Morgan, M. D. L., & Singh, S. J. (2015). “We are not worthy” – Understanding why patients decline pulmonary rehabilitation following an acute exacerbation of COPD. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(9), 750–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, S. L., Robertson, N., Goldstein, R. S., & Brooks, D. (2017). Exploring self-conscious emotions in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A mixed-methods study. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 14(1), 22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2004). Multidimensional perfectionism scale: Technical manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hiçdurmaz, D., & Aydin, A. (2017). The relationship between nursing students’ self-compassion and multidimensional perfectionism levels and the factors that influence them. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(2), 86–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2015). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. P., Witcher, C. S. G., Gotwals, J. K., & Leyland, A. F. (2015). A qualitative study of perfectionism among self-identified perfectionists in sport and the performing arts. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(4), 237–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism: The perfectionism inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(1), 80–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homan, K. J., & Sirois, F. M. (2017). Self-compassion and physical health: Exploring the roles of perceived stress and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology Open, 1–9. doi:10.1177/2055102917729542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Foa, C. L., & Gilbert, P. (2010). Who benefits from training in self-compassionate self-regulation? A study of smoking reduction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(7), 727–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keng, S.-L., & Liew, K. W. L. (2016). Trait mindfulness and self-compassion as moderators of the association between gender nonconformity and psychological health. Mindfulness, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0639-0
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48, 778–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lei, P.-W. (2009). Evaluating estimation methods for ordinal data in structural equation modeling. Quality and Quantity, 43(3), 495–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., & Egan, S. J. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnett, R. J., & Kibowski, F. (2017). Investigating the relationship between perfectionism and self-compassion: Research protocol. European Journal of Counselling Theory, Research and Practice, 1(9), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, S., Schmidt, U., Khondoker, M., & Tchanturia, K. (2015). Can psychological interventions reduce perfectionism? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(6), 705–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta- analysis of the association between self-compassion and. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, S. L., Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B., Jackson, C. J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2015). Self-compassion protects against the negative effects of low self-esteem: A longitudinal study in a large adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 116–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar, D. S., Sirois, F. M., & Method-Jones, T. (2016). Trying to be perfect in an imperfect world: Examining the role of perfectionism in the context of chronic illness. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (pp. 69–99). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Moroz, M., & Dunkley, D. M. (2015). Self-critical perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Low self-esteem and experiential avoidance as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 174–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R. E., Brune, S. M., Gaudreau, P., Kowalski, K. C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2011). Examining relations between dimensions of perfectionism and self-compassion in university athletes. Paper presented to the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology’s annual conference, Winnipeg, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K. (2001). Appropriate estimator. Retrieved from http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/23/149.html?1400259706
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K. (2014). Model fit index WRMR. Retrieved from http://www.statmodel.com/discussion/messages/9/5096.html?1321986275
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2011). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Funke, F., & Steyer, R. (2003). (Why) should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003a). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & Knox, M. C. (2017). Self-compassion. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 1159–1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_
   Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2009). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y.-P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, K. D., Whitaker, T. A., & Karl, A. (2017). Examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total scale score justified? Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–12. https://doi.10.1080/00223891.2016.1269334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, S. C., Gleaves, D. H., & Hutchinson, A. D. (2019). Anorexia nervosa and perfectionism: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1–11. doi:10.1002/eat.23009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmeira, L., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2017). The role of self-disgust in eating psychopathology in overweight and obesity: Can self-compassion be useful? Journal of Health Psychology, 1–10. https://doi.10.1177/1359105317702212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11–12), 363–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, M., & King, J. (2012). Perfectionism in doctors. BMJ, 344, e1674–e1674.
   Google Scholar
• Petersson, S., Brudin, L., Clinton, D., Perseius, K.-I., & Norring, C. (2018). Perfectionism in eating disorders: Are long-term outcomes influenced by extent and changeability in initial perfectionism? Journal for Person-Oriented Research, 4(1), 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., Matos, M., & Fráguas, S. (2014). The protective role of self-compassion in relation to psychopathology symptoms and quality of life in chronic and in cancer patients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 21(4), 311–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivière, J., & Douilliez, C. (2017). Perfectionism, rumination, and gender are related to symptoms of eating disorders: A moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 63–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T. D., Kothari, R., Egan, S. J., Ekberg, L., … Andersson, G. (2018). Guided web-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: Results from two different randomized controlled trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), e154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive–Behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S., Siegel, R., & Neff, K. D. (2018). Paradoxes of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 9(6), 1693–1701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., Kitner, R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., & Molnar, D. S. (2017). Perfectionistic strivings and concerns are differentially associated with self-rated health beyond negative affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 70, 73–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, stress, and coping in the context of chronic illness. Self and Identity, 14(3), 334–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., & Rowse, G. (2016). The role of self-compassion in chronic illness care. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 23(11), 521–527.
   Google Scholar
• Sirois, F. M., & Wood, A. M. (2016). Gratitude uniquely predicts lower depression in chronic illness populations: A longitudinal study of inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis. Health Psychology, 36(2), 122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130–145. doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., & Yan, G. (2015). Perfectionism, trait emotional intelligence, and psychological outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 155–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Yan, G., & Sherry, S. B. (2015). Perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns interact to predict negative emotionality: Support for the tripartite model of perfectionism in Canadian and Chinese university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 141–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Chen, S., Saklofske, D. H., Mushquash, C., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2017). The perniciousness of perfectionism: A meta-analytic review of the perfectionism-suicide relationship. Journal of Personality, 1–21. November 2016. doi:10.1111/jopy.12333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism as an intervening variable between psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 465–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J., & Madigan, D. J. (2016). Measuring perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise: Review, critique, recommendations. In A. P. Hill (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise (pp. 31–56). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Perfectionism: A motivational perspective. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 19–43). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J. (2017). The psychology of perfectionism: An introduction. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 3–16). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J., Haskew, A. E., & Scott, C. (2015). Perfectionism and exam performance: The mediating effect of task-approach goals. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 171–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: Prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2018). ‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1003–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topolovec-Vranic, J., & Natarajan, K. (2016). The use of social media in recruitment for medical research studies: A scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(11), 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompetter, H. R., de Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(6), 913–934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeshua, M., Zohar, A. H., & Berkovich, L. (2019). “Silence! The body is speaking” – A correlational study of personality, perfectionism, and self-compassion as risk and protective factors for psychosomatic symptoms distress. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 24(2), 229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C. Y. (2002). Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, K. H. (2005). Fit indices versus test statistics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40(1), 115–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar