Exploring the contribution of racially based harassment and personality to variation in native and American identity in immigrant-origin youth

References

• Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties, (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.9
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Paunonen, S. V. (2002). What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 245–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer, A., Watson, D., & McDade-Montez, E. (2013). Self-other agreement and assumed similarity in neuroticism, extraversion, and trait affect: Distinguishing the effects of form and content. Assessment, 20(6), 723–737. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113500521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. (1980). Social and cultural change. In H. C. Triandis & R. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 5. Social (pp. 211–279). Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts. (J. W. Berry, J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, & P. Vedder, Eds.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Birman, D., & Trickett, E. J. (2001). Cultural transitions in first-generation immigrants: Acculturation of soviet jewish refugee adolescents and parents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(4), 456–477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032004006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among african americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, W. Y., & Latzman, R. D. (2015). Racial discrimination, multiple group identities, and civic beliefs among immigrant adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(4), 527–532. https://doi-org.ezproxy.gsu.edu/https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheon, Y. M., & Yip, T. (2019). Longitudinal associations between ethnic/racial identity and discrimination among Asian and Latinx adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(9), 1736–1753. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01055-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 93(6), 1080–1107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., & Meeus, W. (2008). Capturing the dynamics of identity formation in various ethnic groups: Development and validation of a three-dimensional model. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2012). Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 393–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211427171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2016). Personality, ideological attitudes, and group identity as predictors of political behavior in majority and minority ethnic groups. Political Psychology, 37(1), 109–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Fadjukoff, P., & Kroger, J. (2016). Identity development in adulthood: Introduction. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1121821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Field, R. D., Tobin, R. M., & Reese-Weber, M. (2014). Agreeableness, social self-efficacy, and conflict resolution strategies. Journal of Individual Differences, 35(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest-Bank, S. S., & Cuellar, M. J. (2018). The mediating effects of ethnic identity on the relationships between racial microaggression and psychological well-being. Social Work Research, 42(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svx023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales-Backen, M. A., Meca, A., Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., Des Rosiers, S. E., Córdova, D., Soto, D. W., Cano, M. Á., Oshri, A., Zamboanga, B. L., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Schwartz, S. J., Szapocznik, J., & Unger, J. B. (2018). Examining the temporal order of ethnic identity and perceived discrimination among Hispanic immigrant adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 54(5), 929–937. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano, W. G., Habashi, M. M., Sheese, B. E., & Tobin, R. M. (2007). Agreeableness, empathy, and helping: A person × situation perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 583–599. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, Q., Nguyen, A. T. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2011). Bicultural identity integration. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, V. L. Vignoles, & S. J. Schwartz (Eds.), K. Luyckx (Ed) & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 827–843). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_35.
   Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen-Campbell, L., & Graziano, W. G. (2001). Agreeableness as a moderator of interpersonal conflict. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 323–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, O. P. John, L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102–138). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klimstra, T. A., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Teppers, E., & De Fruyt, F. (2013). Associations of identity dimensions with Big Five personality domains and facets. European Journal of Personality, 27(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latzman, R. D., Chan, W. Y., & Shishido, Y. (2013). Impulsivity moderates the association between racial discrimination and alcohol problems. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2898–2904. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latzman, R. D., Malikina, M. V., Hecht, L. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Chan, W. Y. (2016). The contribution of personality and refugee camp experience to Callous and Unemotional traits among immigrant adolescents in the United States: Implications for the DSM-5 “Limited Prosocial Emotions” specifier. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(2), 215–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0558-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M., Dean, B. L., & Jung, K. (2008). Social connectedness, extraversion, and subjective well-being: Testing a mediation model. Personality And Individual Differences, 45(5), 414–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Baggley, D., Preece, M., & DeLongis, A. (2005). Coping with interpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1141–1180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00345.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lounsbury, J. W., Levy, J. J., Leong, F. T., & Gibson, L. W. (2007). Identity and personality: The Big Five and narrow personality traits in relation to sense of identity. Identity: An International Journal Of Theory And Research, 7(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15283480701319641
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Grob, A., Suh, E. M., & Shao, L. (2000). Cross-cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 452–468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., Teppers, E., Klimstra, T. A., & Rassart, J. (2014). Identity processes and personality traits and types in adolescence: Directionality of effects and developmental trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 50(8), 2144–2153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, A. S., & Tran, C. (2001). Big five personality and cultural relocation factors in Vietnamese Australian students’ intercultural social self-efficacy. International Journal Of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 181–201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00050-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Raugh, M. P., Kell, H. J., & Motowidlo, S. J. (2016). Prosocial knowledge mediates effects of agreeableness and emotional intelligence on prosocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 41–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.024
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2010). NEO Inventories professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Meca, A., Gonzales-Backen, M., Davis, R., Rodil, J., Soto, D., & Unger, J. B. (2020). Discrimination and ethnic identity: Establishing directionality among Latino/a youth. Developmental Psychology, 56(5), 982–992. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, B. P., & Robinson, M. D. (2004). Does quick to blame mean quick to anger? The role of agreeableness in dissociating blame and anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 856–867. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok, A., Morris, M. W., Benet-Martinez, V., & Karakitapoglu-Aygun, Z. (2007). Embracing American culture: Structures of social identity and social networks among first-generation biculturals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 629–635.
   Google Scholar
• Molina, L. E., Phillips, N. L., & Sidanius, J. (2015). National and ethnic identity in the face of discrimination: Ethnic minority and majority perspectives. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nadal, K. L. (2011). The racial and ethnic microaggressions scale (REMS): Construction, reliability, and validity. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 470–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal, K. L., Wong, Y., Griffin, K. E., Davidoff, K., & Sriken, J. (2014). The adverse impact of racial microaggressions on college students’ self-esteem. Journal Of College Student Development, 55(5), 461–474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikitin, J., & Freund, A. M. (2015). The indirect nature of social motives: The relation of social approach and avoidance motives with likeability via extraversion and agreeableness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, T. B., & DeLongis, A. (1996). The interactional context of problem-, emotion- and relationship-focused coping: The role of the big five personality factors. Journal Of Personality, 64(4), 775–813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00944.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, M. R., Derlega, V. J., Henson, J. M., Holmes, K. Y., Ferrer, R. A., & Harrison, S. B. (2014). Role of neuroticism and coping strategies in psychological reactions to a racist incident among African American university students. Journal Of Black Psychology, 40(1), 81–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412471682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penley, J. A., & Tomaka, J. (2002). Associations among the big five, emotional responses and coping with acute stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1115–1128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00087-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, M. R., Cassidy, C., Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the rejection–identification hypothesis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 642–660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02029.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche, K., Vaquera, E., White, R. M., & Rivera, M. I. (2018). Impacts of immigration actions and news and the psychological distress of U.S. latino parents raising adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(5), 525–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010). Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 472–481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610373075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection: The case of international students. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. J., Donnellan, M. B., Ravert, R. D., Luyckx, K., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2013). Identity development, personality, and well-being in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Theory, research, and recent advances. In R. M. Lerner, M. A. Easterbrooks, J. Mistry, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Developmental psychology (pp. 339–364). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde‐Garbanati, L., Benet‐Martínez, V., Meca, A., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of bicultural identity integration in recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents: Links with mental health and family functioning. International Journal Of Psychology, 50(6), 440–450. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117–143. https://doi-org.ezproxy.gsu.edu/https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., Becerri, J. M., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, C. M. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/10999809.13.1.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suls, J., Martin, R., & David, J. P. (1998). Person–environment fit and its limits: Agreeableness, neuroticism, and emotional reactivity to interpersonal conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(1), 88–98. https://doi-org.ezproxy.gsu.edu/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298241007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbah, R., Chung, J. J., & Miranda, A. H. (2016). Ethnic identity and discrimination: An exploration of the rejection-identification model in Arab American adolescents. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 16(4), 319–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2016.1231609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. M., Hartl, A. C., Laursen, B., & Rubin, K. H. (2017). The high costs of low agreeableness: Low agreeableness exacerbates interpersonal consequences of rejection sensitivity in US and Chinese adolescents. Journal of Research in Personality, 67, 36–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S. (2007). Doing well: The relationship of identity status to three conceptions of well-being. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 289–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15283480701600769
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. Journal Of Personality, 60(2), 441–476. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767–793). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50030-5
   Google Scholar
• Whitbourne, S. K., Sneed, J. R., & Sayer, A. (2009). Psychosocial development from college through midlife: A 34-year sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1328–1340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley, S. (2013). Rejection-identification among Latino immigrants in the United States. International Journal Of Intercultural Relations, 37(3), 375–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P. G., Rau, H. K., Cribbet, M. R., & Gunn, H. E. (2009). Openness to experience and stress regulation. Journal Of Research In Personality, 43(5), 777–784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiders, K. H., Bayless, S. D., Derlan, C. L., Umaña, T. A. J., Updegraff, K. A., & Jahromi, L. B. (2019). Discrimination and ethnic–racial identity: Understanding direction of effects using within‐ and between‐person analyses. Child Development, 90(3), e373–e385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar