Societal acceptance increases Muslim-Gay identity integration for highly religious individuals… but only when the ingroup status is stable

References

• Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586–592. h t tps://d oi.o rg/d oi:1 0.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Campbell, M., & Koc, Y. (2020). A qualitative exploration of the impact of the marriage equality debate on same-sex attracted Australians. Australian Psychologist, 55(6), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti‐gay attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Koc, Y. (2020). Identity integration as a protective factor against guilt and shame for religious gay men. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(8), 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1767026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Koc, Y., Easterbrook, M. J., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2021). Homosexual tolerance across time over the world: The impact of same-sex recognition. [Manuscript submitted for publication]
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Koc, Y., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2018). The english version of the attitudes toward homosexuality scale. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 77(3), 117. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderton, C. L., Pender, D. A., & Asner-Self, K. K. (2011). A review of the religious identity/sexual orientation identity conflict literature: Revisiting festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counselling, 5(3–4), 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2011.632745
   Google Scholar
• Bagci, S. C., Verkuyten, M., Koc, Y., Turnuklu, A., Piyale, Z. E., & Bekmezci, E. (2020). Being tolerated and being discriminated against: Links to psychological well‐being through threatened social identity needs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(7), 1463–1477. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2699
   Google Scholar
• Beagan, B. L., & Hattie, B. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and LGBTQ identity integration. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counselling, 9(2), 92–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1029204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet‐Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1015–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00337.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 492–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourguignon, D., Teixeira, C. P., Koc, Y., Outten, H. R., Faniko, K., & Schmitt, M. T. (2020). On the protective role of identification with a stigmatized identity: Promoting engagement and discouraging disengagement coping strategies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(6), 1125–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2703
   Google Scholar
• Breakwell, G. M. (2015). Coping with threatened identities. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Briones, E. (1998). Social and cultural influences in the formation of identity: A cross-national/ cultural study (Paper 1886). [Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. (2019). Henri Tajfel: Explorer of identity and difference. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Case, K. A., Iuzzini, J., & Hopkins, M. (2012). Systems of privilege: Intersections, awareness, and applications. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01732.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S. X., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Harris Bond, M. (2008). Bicultural Identity, bilingualism, and psychological adjustment in multicultural societies: immigration‐based and globalization‐based acculturation. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 803–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00505.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd edn). Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314523839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMarco, T., & Newheiser, A. (2019). When groups do not cure: Group esteem moderates the social cure effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1421–1438. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner, L., Turner-Zwinkels, F., & Spini, D. (2020). The impact of laws on norms perceptions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220959176
   Google Scholar
• Elizur, Y., & Ziv, M. (2001). Family support and acceptance, gay male identity formation, and psychological adjustment: A path model. Family Process, 40(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2001.4020100125.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: Group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.617
   Google Scholar
• Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslen-Ziya, H., & Koc, Y. (2016). Being a gay man in Turkey: Internalised sexual prejudice as a function of prevalent hegemonic masculinity perceptions. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(7), 799–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1133846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, L., Rosnati, R., Manzi, C., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2015). Ethnic identity, bicultural identity integration, and psychological well-being among transracial adoptees: A longitudinal study. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2015(150), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20122
   Google Scholar
• Gallucci, M. (2019). GAMLj: General analyses for linear models. [jamovi module]. https://gamlj.github.io/.
   Google Scholar
• Greenaway, K. H., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., Branscombe, N. R., Ysseldyk, R., & Heldreth, C. (2015). From “we” to “me”: Group identification enhances perceived personal control with consequences for health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, C., Holme, A., Haslam, S. A., Iyer, A., Jetten, J., & Williams, W. H. (2008). Maintaining group memberships: Social identity continuity predicts well-being after stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5–6), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010701643449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health, and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, J. D., Anderson, J. R., & Koc, Y. (2019). Exploring the relationship between gay men’s self-and meta-stereotype endorsement with well-being and self-worth. Psychology & Sexuality, 10(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2019.1577013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, Q. L., Nguyen, A. M. D., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2011). Bicultural Identity Integration. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 827–842). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Huynh, Q. L., Benet-Martínez, V., & Nguyen, A. M. D. (2018). Measuring variations in bicultural identity across US ethnic and generational groups: Development and validation of the bicultural identity integration scale—version 2 (BIIS-2). Psychological Assessment, 30(12), 1581. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., Jetten, J., Tsivrikos, D., Postmes, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2009). The more (and the more compatible) the merrier: Multiple group memberships and identity compatibility as predictors of adjustment after life transitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(4), 707–733. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X397628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, A. (2001). The story of lot and the quran’s perception of the morality of same-sex sexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(1), 1–88. h t tps://d oi.o rg/d oi:1 0.1300/J082v41n01_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Jones, J. M., … Thai, A. (2015). Having a lot of a good thing: Multiple important group memberships as a source of self-esteem. PloS One, 10(5), e0124609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., Haslam, C., & Alexander, S. H. (Eds). (2012). The social cure: Identity, health and well-being. Psychology press.
   Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., Cruwys, T., Greenaway, K. H., Haslam, C., & Steffens, N. K. (2017). Advancing the social identity approach to health and well‐being: Progressing the social cure research agenda. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & McKimmie, B. M. (2005). Suppressing the negative effect of devaluation on group identification: The role of intergroup differentiation and intragroup respect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(2), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella, E. L., Muldoon, O. T., Fortune, D. G., & Haslam, C. (2020). Collective influences on individual functioning: Multiple group memberships, self-regulation, and depression after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 30(6), 1059–1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2018.1546194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed. ed.). The Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koc, Y. (2016). Grindr as a participant recruitment tool for research with men who have sex with men. International Psychology Bulletin, 20(4), 27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Koc., Y. (2021). Lack of ordinary privileges in a gay men’s life: Navigating through privileged systems. In E. Rodríguez-Dorans & J. Holmes (Eds.), The everyday lives of gay men: Autoethnographies of the ordinary. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koc, Y., & Vignoles, V. L. (2016). Global identification predicts gay–male identity integration and well‐being among Turkish gay men. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 643–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc, Y., & Vignoles, V. L. (2018). Global identification helps increase identity integration among Turkish gay men. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(4), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1496134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugle, S. S. A. H. (2010). Homosexuality in islam: Critical reflection on gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi, C., Paderi, F., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Coen, S. (2019). Age‐based stereotype threat and negative outcomes in the workplace: Exploring the role of identity integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(4), 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitha, K., Ali, S., & Koc, Y. (2021). Challenges to identity integration amongst sexual minority British Muslim South Asian men. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2527
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, J., & Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(2), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2000.12068999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, A. M. D., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2012). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 122–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111435097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, J. (2004). Wrestling the angel of contradiction: Queer christian identities. Culture and Religion, 5(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/143830042000225420
   Google Scholar
• Pietkiewicz, I., Kołodziejczyk-Skrzypek, M., & Pietkiewicz, I. J. (2016). Living in sin? how gay catholics manage their conflicting sexual and religious identities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(6), 1573–1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0752-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter, K. Y., & O’Neill, C. W. (1989). Moving through loss: The spiritual journey of gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02484.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, E. M., & Ouellette, S. C. (2000). Gay and lesbian Christians: Homosexual and religious identity integration in the members and participants of a gay-positive church. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(3), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sani, F. (Ed). (2008). Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives. Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Shilo, G., Yossef, I., & Savaya, R. (2015). Religious coping strategies and mental health among religious Jewish gay and bisexual men. Achieves of Sexual Behavior, 45(6), 1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0567-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, K., Postmes, T., & Roos, C. A. (2019). Where did inaction go? towards a broader and more refined perspective on collective actions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(3), 649–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subhi, N., & Geelan, D. (2012). When Christianity and homosexuality collide: Understanding the potential intrapersonal conflict. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1382–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tankard, M. E., & Paluck, E. L. (2017). The effect of a supreme court decision regarding gay marriage on social norms and personal attitudes. Psychological Science, 28(9), 1334–1344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617709594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The jamovi project (2021). Jamovi. (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Van Bezouw, M. J., Van Der Toorn, J., & Becker, J. C. (2020). Social creativity: reviving a social identity approach to social stability. European Journal of Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2732
   Google Scholar
• Van Dommelen, A., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Gonsalkorale, K., & Brewer, M. (2015). Construing multiple ingroups: Assessing social identity inclusiveness and structure in ethnic and religious minority group members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velez, B. L., & Moradi, B. (2016). A moderated mediation test of minority stress: The role of collective action. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(8), 1132–1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016665467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welkenhuysen-Gybels, J., Billiet, J., & Cambré, B. (2003). Adjustment for acquiescence in the assessment of the construct equivalence of Likert-type score items. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 702–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103257070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar