709
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An Examination of Attitudes toward Bisexual People at the Intersections of Gender and Race/Ethnicity

, , , , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all

References

  • Adolfsen, A., Iedema, J., & Keuzenkamp, S. (2010). Multiple dimensions of attitudes about homosexuality: Development of a multifaceted scale measuring attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(10), 1237–1257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.517069
  • Alarie, M., & Gaudet, S. (2013). I don’t know if she is bisexual or if she just wants to get attention”: Analyzing the various mechanisms through which emerging adults invisibilize bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(2), 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2013.780004
  • Ashley, F. (2021). Trans” is my gender modality: A modest terminological proposal. In L. Erickson-Schroth (Ed.), Trans bodies, trans selves (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT people of color microaggressions scale. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023244
  • Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2020). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (10th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Bartoş, S. E., Berger, I., & Hegarty, P. (2014). Interventions to reduce sexual prejudice: A study-space analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Sex Research, 51(4), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.871625
  • Beach, L., Bartelt, E., Dodge, B., Bostwick, W., Schick, V., Fu, T.-C., Friedman, M. R., & Herbenick, D. (2019). Meta-perceptions of others’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1347-8
  • Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0098851
  • Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington Books.
  • Brooks, K. D., Bowleg, L., & Quina, K. (2010). Minority sexual status among minorities. In S. Loue (Ed.), Sexualities and identities of minority women (pp. 41–63). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75657-8_3
  • Burke, S. E., & LaFrance, M. (2018). Perceptions of instability and choice across sexual orientation groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(2), 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216663019
  • Collins, P. H. (1998). It’s all in the family: Intersections of gender, race, and nation. Hypatia, 13(3), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01370.x
  • Cragun, R. T., & Sumerau, J. E. (2017). No one expects a transgender Jew: Religious, sexual and gendered intersections in the evaluation of religious and nonreligious others. Secularism and Nonreligion, 6(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.82
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  • Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 15(4), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411103
  • de Bruin, K., & Arndt, M. (2010). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in a university context: Relations with race, gender, knowing a bisexual man or woman and sexual orientation. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(3), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2010.500955
  • Dodge, B., Herbenick, D., Friedman, M. R., Schick, V., Fu, T.-C., Bostwick, W., Bartelt, E., Muñoz-Laboy, M., Pletta, D., Reece, M., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States. Plos One, 11(10), e0164430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164430
  • Dyar, C., Lytle, A., London, B., & Levy, S. R. (2015). Application of bisexuality research to the development of a set of guidelines for intervention efforts to reduce binegativity. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(4), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000045
  • Elias, T., Jaisle, A., & Morton-Padovano, C. (2017). Ethnic identity as a predictor of microaggressions toward Blacks, Whites, and Hispanic LGBs by Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1172888
  • Feinstein, B. A., & Dyar, C. (2017). Bisexuality, minority stress, and health. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-017-0096-3
  • Friedman, M. R., Dodge, B., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Hubach, R. D., Bowling, J., Goncalves, G., Krier, S., & Reece, M. (2014). From bias to bisexual health disparities: Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. LGBT Health, 1(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0005
  • Garnets, L. D. (2002). Sexual orientations in perspective. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.115
  • Garnets, L. D., & Kimmel, D. C. (2003). Psychological perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual experiences (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
  • Gates, G. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/
  • Gazzola, S. B., & Morrison, M. A. (2014). Cultural and personally endorsed stereotypes of transgender men and transgender women: Notable correspondence or disjunction? International Journal of Transgenderism 15(2), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2014.937041
  • Ghabrial, M. A., & Ross, L. E. (2018). Representation and erasure of bisexual people of color: A content analysis of quantitative bisexual mental health research. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 5(2), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000286
  • Ghavami, N., & Peplau, L. A. (2013). An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses. Psychology of Women Quarterly 37(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312464203
  • Gleason, N., Vencill, J. A., & Sprankle, E. (2018). Swipe left on the bi guys: examining attitudes toward dating and being sexual with bisexual individuals. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(4), 516–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2018.1563935
  • Hackimer, L., Chen, C. Y.-C., & Verkuilen, J. (2021). Individual factors and cisgender college students’ attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(6), 2023–2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22546
  • Han, C. (2007). They don’t want to cruise your type: Gay men of color and the racial politics of exclusion. Social Identities, 13(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630601163379
  • Helms, J. L., & Waters, A. M. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(4), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2016.1242104
  • Henry, P. J. (2008). College sophomores in the laboratory redux: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of the nature of prejudice. Psychological Inquiry, 19(2), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400802049936
  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551476
  • Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 39(4), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552150
  • Hertlein, K. M., Hartwell, E. E., & Munns, M. E. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexuality according to sexual orientation and gender. Journal of Bisexuality, 16(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2016.1200510
  • Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7–8), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7140-x
  • Jaffee, K. D., Dessel, A. B., & Woodford, M. R. (2016). The nature of incoming graduate social work students’ attitudes toward sexual minorities. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 28(4), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2016.1224210
  • Kang, S. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2015). Multiple identities in social perception and interaction: Challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 547–574. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015025
  • LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998). Sex differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: A multidimensional perspective. Journal of Sex Research, 35(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551932
  • Lewis, D. C., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Degrees of acceptance: Variation in public attitudes toward segments of the LGBT community. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 861–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917717352
  • Lytle, A., Dyar, C., Levy, S. R., & London, B. (2017). Essentialist beliefs: Understanding contact with and attitudes towards lesbian and gay individuals. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(1), 64–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12154
  • Matsick, J. L., & Conley, T. D. (2016). Cultural stereotypes and personal beliefs: Perceptions of heterosexual men, women, and people. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000143
  • Matsick, J. L., & Rubin, J. D. (2018). Bisexual prejudice among lesbian and gay people: Examining the roles of gender and perceived sexual orientation. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000283
  • McLaren, S., & Castillo, P. (2021). The relationship between a sense of belonging to the LGBTIQ + community, internalized heterosexism, and depressive symptoms among bisexual and lesbian women. Journal of Bisexuality, 21(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2020.1862726
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Mohr, J. J., & Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.353
  • Monto, M. A., & Supinski, J. (2014). Discomfort with homosexuality: A new measure captures differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(6), 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.870816
  • Morgenroth, T., Kirby, T. A., Cuthbert, M. J., Evje, J., & Anderson, A. E. (2021). Bisexual erasure: Perceived attraction patterns of bisexual women and men. European Journal of Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2773
  • Morrison, T. G., McLeod, L. D., Morrison, M. A., Anderson, D., & O’Connor, W. E. (1997). Gender stereotyping, homonegativity, and misconceptions about sexually coercive behavior among adolescents. Youth & Society, 28(3), 351–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X97028003004
  • Morrison, T. G., Harrington, R., & Mcdermott, D. T. (2010). Bi now, gay later: Implicit and explicit binegativity among Irish University students. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2010.500952
  • Movement Advancement Project. (2017). A closer look: Bisexual transgender people. https://www.lgbtmap.org/bisexual-transgender
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Pew Research Center. (2020). The global divide on homosexuality persists. Pew Research Center.
  • Phillips, I. I., G., Beach, L. B., Turner, B., Feinstein, B. A., Marro, R., Philbin, M. M., Salamanca, P., Felt, D., & Birkett, M. (2019). Sexual identity and behavior among U.S. high school students, 2005-2015. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(5), 1463–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1404-y
  • Ross, L. E., Salway, T., Tarasoff, L. A., MacKay, J. M., Hawkins, B. W., & Fehr, C. P. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755
  • Salfas, B., Rendina, H. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2019). What is the role of the community? examining minority stress processes among gay and bisexual men. Stigma and Health, 4(3), 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000143
  • Salter, N. P., Sawyer, K., & Gebhardt, S. T. (2021). How does intersectionality impact work attitudes? The effect of layered group memberships in a field sample. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(6), 1035–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09718-z
  • Salway, T., Ross, L. E., Fehr, C. P., Burley, J., Asadi, S., Hawkins, B., & Tarasoff, L. A. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of disparities in the prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt among bisexual populations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1150-6
  • Sung, M. R., Szymanski, D. M., & Henrichs-Beck, C. (2015). Challenges, coping, and benefits of being an Asian American lesbian or bisexual woman. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000085
  • Wilton, L. S., Bell, A. N., Carpinella, C. M., Young, D. M., Meyers, C., & Clapham, R. (2019). Lay theories of gender influence support for women and transgender people’s legal rights. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(7), 883–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618803608
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2018). "Gay equals white"? Racial, ethnic, and sexual identities and attitudes toward LGBT individuals among college students at a Bible Belt University?. Journal of Sex Research, 55(8), 995–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1378309
  • Yost, M. R., & Thomas, G. D. (2012). Gender and Binegativity: men’s and women’s attitudes toward male and female bisexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(3), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9767-8
  • Zelaya, D. G., DeBlaere, C., & Velez, B. L. (2021). Psychometric validation and extension of the LGBT people of Color Microaggressions Scale with a sample of sexual minority BIPOC college students. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000553

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.