Cumulative Trauma, PTSD and Dissociation Among Ethiopian Refugees in Israel

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 3rd , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author . Text Revision
   Google Scholar
• Arieli , A. and Ayche , S. 1993 . Psychopathological aspects of the Ethiopian immigration to Israel . Israel Journal of Medical Science , 29 : 411 – 418 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BenEzer , G. 2002 . The Ethiopian Jewish Exodus , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Sira , Z. 1997 . Immigration, Stress and Readjustment , Westport, Connecticut : Praeger/Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , E. M. and Putnam , F. W. 1986 . Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 174 : 727 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. , Butler , L. D. and Spiegel , D. 2003 . “ Stress disorders ” . In Handbook of Psychology , Edited by: Stricker , G. and Widiger , T. Vol. V. 8 , 229 – 249 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Crescenzi , A. , Ketzre , E. , Van Ommeren , M , Phuntsok , K. , Komproe , I. and de Jong , J. T. V. M. 2002 . Effect of political imprisonment and trauma history on recent Tibetan refugees in India . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 15 : 369 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. B. 1996 . “ Psychometric review of the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) ” . In Measurement of Stress, Trauma and Adaptation , Edited by: Stamm , B. H. 152 – 157 . Lutherville, MD : Sidran .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. B. and Rosser-Hogan , R. 1994 . Cross-cultural response to trauma: A study of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic symptoms in Cambodian refugees . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 7 : 43 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , J. T. V. M. , Komproe , I. H. , Van Ommeren , M. , El Masri , M. , Araya , M. , Khaled , N. , van de Put , W. and Somasundaram , D. 2001 . Lifetime events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 post conflict settings . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 : 555 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollifield , M. , Warner , T. D. , Lian , N. , Krakow , B. , Jenkins , J. H. , Kesler , J. , Stevnson , J. and Westermeyer , J. 2002 . Measuring trauma and health status in refugees . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 611 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzhaky , H. and Levy , D. 2002 . Contributions of self-esteem and gender to the adaptation of immigrant youth from Ethiopia . Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation , 3 ( 1 ) : 33 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinzie , J. D. , Boehnlein , J. K. , Leung , P. K. , Moore , L. J. , Riley , C. and Smith , D. 1990 . The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 913 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , Y. , Mirsky , J. and Barasch , M. 1994 . “ New beginnings in an old land: The mental health challenge in Israel ” . In Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well-Being of the World's Refugees , Edited by: Marsella , A. J. , Bomemann , T. , Ekblad , S. and Orley , J. 153 – 189 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Lie , B. 2002 . A 3-year follow-up of psychosocial functioning and general symptoms in settled refugees . Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia , 106 : 415 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsella , A. , Friedman , M. and Spain , H. 1993 . “ Ethnocultural aspects of PTSD: An overview of issues, research and directions ” . In Review of Psychiatry , Edited by: Oldham , J. , Tasman , A. and Riba , M. 157 – 181 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatry Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCall , G. J. and Resick , P. A . 2004 . A pilot study of PTSD symptoms among Kalahari bushmen . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 165 : 445 – 450 .
   Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Caspi-Yavin , Y. , Bollini , P. , Troung , T. , Tor , S. and Lavelle , J. 1992 . The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , McInnes , K. , Poole , C. and Tor , S. 1998b . Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence . British Journal of Psychiatry , 173 : 482 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , McInnes , K. , Pham , T. , Smith Fawzi , M. C , Murphy , E. and Lin , L. 1998a . The dose-effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in Vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group . Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease , 186 : 543 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , F. H. , Perilla , J. L. and Murphy , A. D. 2001 . Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: A cross-cultural test of the multi criterion conceptual model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 110 : 553 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahmias , J. , Greenberg , Z. , Berger , S. A. , Hornstein , L. , Bilgury , B. , Abel , B. and Kutner , S. 1993 . Health profile of Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: An overview . Israel Journal of Medical Science , 29 : 338 – 343 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orley , J. 1994 . “ Psychological disorders among refugees: Some clinical and epidemiological considerations ” . In Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well-Being of the World's Refugees , Edited by: Marsella , A. J. , Borneman , T. , Ekblad , S. and Orley , J. 193 – 206 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Pole , N. , Best , S. R. , Metzler , T. and Marmar , C., R . 2005 . Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD? . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 11 : 144 – 161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratzoni , G. , Ben Amo , I. , Weizman , T. , Weizman , R. , Modai , I. and Apter , A. 1993 . Psychiatric diagnoses in hospitalized adolescent and adult Ethiopian immigrants in Israel . Israeli Journal of Medical Science , 29 : 419 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Sinnerbrink , I. , Field , A. , Manicavasager , V. and Steel , Z. P. 1997 . Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors . British Journal of Psychiatry , 4 : 351 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Steel , Z. , McGorry , P. , Miles , V. and Drobny , J. 2002 . The impact of torture on Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in war-affected Tamil refugees and immigrants . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 43 : 49 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. and Silove , D. 2000 . “ The psychosocial cost of seeking and granting asylum ” . In International Book of Human Response to Trauma , Edited by: Shalev , A. S. , Yehuda , R. and McFarlane , A. C. 421 – 438 . New York : Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , Z. , Mikulincer , M. and Flum , H. 1998 . Negative life events, coping responses, and combat-related psychopathology: A prospective study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 973 : 302 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk , B. A. , Van der Hart , O. and Marmar , C. R. 1996 . “ Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Traumatic stress of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society , Edited by: Van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 303 – 327 . New-York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Ommeren , M. , Sharma , B. , Komproe , I. , Poudyal , B. N. , Sharma , G. K. , Cardeña , E. and De Jong , J. T. V. M. 2001 . Trauma and loss as determinants of medically unexplained epidemic illness in a Bhutanese refugee camp . Psychological Medicine , 331 : 1259 – 1267 .
   Google Scholar
• Van-Velsen , C. , Gorst-Unsworth , C. and Turner , S. 1996 . Survivors of torture and organized violence: Demography and diagnosis . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 : 181 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Witztum , E. , Grisaru , N. and Budowski , D. 1996 . The ‘Zār’ possession syndrome among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel: Cultural and clinical aspects . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 69 : 207 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , Kahana , B. , Schmeidler , J. , Southwick , S. M. , Wilson , S. and Giller , E. L. 1995 . Impact of cumulative trauma and recent stress on current post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in holocaust survivors . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1815 – 1818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngmann . 1995 . Coping processes among Jewish Ethiopian students in Israel , Israel : Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Youngman , R. , Minuchin-Itzigsohn , S. and Barasch , M. 1999 . Manifestation of emotional distress among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: Patients and clinical perspectives . Transcultural Psychiatry , 36 : 45 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Zera , M. 2000 . SRQ-E: A culturally sensitive psychiatric screening instrument for Ethiopian immigrants in Israel , Ramat-Gan, Israel : Bar Ilan University . Unpublished M.A. thesis
   Google Scholar