REFERENCES
- Alvarez, L. (2009, August 15). G.I. Jane breaks the combat barrier. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/us/16women.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/us/16women.html)
- Birrell , P. J. and Freyd , J. J. 2006 . Betrayal trauma: Relational models of harm and healing . Journal of Trauma Practice , 5 ( 1 ) : 49 – 63 .
- Bourke , J. 2007 . Rape: Sex, violence, history , Berkeley, CA : Counterpoint .
- Brightman , R. 1996 . The sexual division of foraging labor: Biology, taboo, and gender politics . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 38 : 687 – 729 .
- Browne , K. 2007 . Co-ed combat: The new evidence that women should not fight the nation's wars , New York, NY : Penguin .
- Buller , D. J. 2005 . Adapting minds: Evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Buss , D. M. and Malamuth , N. M. 1996 . Sex, power, conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives , Oxford, , England : Oxford University Press .
- Campbell , A. 2002 . A mind of her own: The evolutionary psychology of women , Oxford, , England : Oxford University Press .
- Chagnon , N. A. 1988 . Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population . Science , 239 February 26 : 985 – 992 .
- Corbett, S. (2007, March 18). The women's war. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/magazine/18cover.html?ref=magazine (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/magazine/18cover.html?ref=magazine)
- Daly , M. and Wilson , M. 1978 . Sex, evolution and behaviour , Boston, MA : Willard Grant .
- De Pauw , L. G. 1998 . Battle cries and lullabies: Women in war from prehistory to the present , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press .
- Drea , C. M. and Wallen , K. 2003 . “ Female sexuality and the myth of male control ” . In Evolution, gender, and rape , Edited by: Travis , C. B. 29 – 60 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Engel , B. A. 1999 . “ The womanly face of war: Soviet women remember World War II ” . In Women and war in the twentieth century: Enlisted with or without consent , Edited by: Dombrowski , N. A. 138 – 161 . New York, NY : Garland .
- Enloe , C. H. 2000 . Maneuvers: The international politics of militarizing women's lives , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Fitzgerald , L. F. , Drasgow , F. and Magley , V. J. 1999 . Sexual harassment in the armed forces: A test of an integrated model . Military Psychology , 11 : 329 – 343 .
- Friedman , M. J. 2006 . Posttraumatic stress disorder among military returnees from Afghanistan and Iraq . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 586 – 593 .
- Geary , D. C. 1998 . Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Goldstein , J. S. 2001 . War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa , Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
- Gottschall , J. 2004 . Explaining wartime rape . Journal of Sex Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 129 – 136 .
- Gowaty , P. A. 1997 . Feminism and evolutionary biology: Boundaries, intersections, and frontiers , New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
- Gowaty , P. A. 2003 . “ Power asymmetries between the sexes, mate preferences, and components of fitness ” . In Evolution, gender, and rape , Edited by: Travis , C. B. 61 – 86 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Greenbaum , C. W. 1979 . The small group under the gun: Uses of small groups in battle conditions . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 15 : 392 – 405 .
- Griffith , J. 1988 . Measurement of group cohesion in US army units . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 9 ( 2 ) : 149 – 171 .
- Harned , M. S. , Ormerod , A. J. , Palmieri , P. A. , Collinsworth , L. L. and Reed , M. 2002 . Sexual assault and other types of sexual harassment by workplace personnel: A comparison of antecedents and consequences . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 7 ( 2 ) : 174 – 188 .
- Henry , N. , Ward , T. and Hirshberg , M. 2004 . A multifactorial model of wartime rape . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 9 : 535 – 562 .
- Holmstedt , K. A. 2007 . Band of sisters: American women at war in Iraq , Mechanicsburg, PA : Stackpole Books .
- Hrdy , S. B. 2000 . Mother nature: Maternal instincts and how they shape the human species , New York, NY : Ballantine Books .
- Hrdy , S. B. 2009 . Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press .
- Hubbard , R. 1990 . The politics of women's biology , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
- Iasiello, L. V., Wasell, M., Arias, I., Carpenter, A. M., Dunbar, S. K. G., Grant, J. M., . . . Swiatek, S. M. (2009, December). Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault in the Military Services. http://www.dtic.mil/dtfsams/docs/11_09docs/DTFSAMS-Rept_Dec09.pdf (http://www.dtic.mil/dtfsams/docs/11_09docs/DTFSAMS-Rept_Dec09.pdf)
- Kang , H. , Dalager , N. , Mahan , C. and Ishii , E. 2005 . The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans . Annals of Epidemiology , 15 : 191 – 195 .
- Keeley , L. H. 1997 . War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Kimerling , R. , Gima , K. , Smith , M. W. , Street , A. and Frayne , S. 2007 . The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma . American Journal of Public Health , 97 : 2160 – 2166 .
- LeBlanc , S. A. 1999 . Prehistoric warfare in the American southwest , Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press .
- Leung, R. (2005, February 20). Army rape accuser speaks out. CBS/60 Minutes. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/17/60minutes/main674791.shtml (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/17/60minutes/main674791.shtml)
- Littlewood , R. 1997 . Military rape . Anthropology Today , 13 ( 2 ) : 7 – 16 .
- Low , B. S. 2001 . Why sex matters: A Darwinian look at human behavior , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Marshall , S. L. A. 1947 . Men against fire: The problem of battle command in future war , Oxford, , England : Infantry Journal Press .
- Merrill , L. L. , Thomsen , C. J. , Gold , S. R. and Milner , J. S. 2001 . Childhood abuse and premilitary sexual assault in male navy recruits . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 69 : 252 – 261 .
- Moon , K. H. S. 1997 . Sex among allies: Military prostitution in US-Korea relations , New York, NY : Columbia University Press .
- Morris , M. 1996 . By force of arms: Rape, war, and military culture . Duke Law Journal , 44 : 651 – 781 .
- Murdoch , M. , Polusny , M. A. , Hodges , J. and O'Brien , N. 2004 . Prevalence of in-service and post-service sexual assault among combat and noncombat veterans applying for Department of Veterans Affairs posttraumatic stress disorder disability benefits . Military Medicine , 169 : 392 – 395 .
- Myers, S. L. (2009, August 16). Living and fighting alongside men, and fitting in. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/17/us/17women.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/17/us/17women.html)
- Rosen , L. N. , Durand , D. B. , Bliese , P. D. , Halverson , R. R. , Rothberg , J. M. and Harrison , N. L. 1996 . Cohesion and readiness in gender-integrated combat service support units: The impact of acceptance of women and gender ratio . Armed Forces & Society , 22 : 537 – 553 .
- Rosen , L. N. , Knudson , K. H. and Fancher , P. 2003 . Cohesion and the culture of hypermasculinity in US army units . Armed Forces & Society , 29 : 325 – 351 .
- Sadler , A. G. , Booth , B. M. , Cook , B. L. and Doebbeling , B. N. 2003 . Factors associated with women's risk of rape in the military environment . American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 43 ( 3 ) : 262 – 273 .
- Sadler , A. G. , Booth , B. M. and Doebbeling , B. N. 2005 . Gang and multiple rapes during military service: Health consequences and health care . Journal of the American Medical Women's Association , 60 ( 1 ) : 33 – 41 .
- Seeley , E. A. , Gardner , W. L. , Pennington , G. and Gabriel , S. 2003 . Circle of friends or members of a group? Sex differences in relational and collective attachment to groups . Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 6 ( 3 ) : 251 – 263 .
- Shils , E. A. and Janowitz , M. 1948 . Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II . Public Opinion Quarterly , 12 : 280 – 315 .
- Smuts , B. 1992 . Male aggression against women: An evolutionary perspective . Human Nature , 3 ( 1 ) : 1 – 44 .
- Sosis , R. , Kress , H. C. and Boster , J. S. 2007 . Scars for war: Evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs . Evolution and Human Behavior , 28 ( 4 ) : 234 – 247 .
- Stiglmayer , A. 1994 . Mass rape: The war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
- Street , A. E. , Stafford , J. , Mahan , C. M. and Hendricks , A. 2008 . Sexual harassment and assault experienced by reservists during military service: Prevalence and health correlates . Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 45 : 409 – 420 .
- Suris , A. and Lind , L. 2008 . Military sexual trauma: A review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans . Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 9 ( 4 ) : 250 – 269 .
- Thornhill , R. and Palmer , C. T. 2000 . A natural history of rape: Biological bases of sexual coercion , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
- Trivers , R. L. 1972 . “ Parental investment and sexual selection ” . In Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871–1971 , Edited by: Campbell , B. 136 – 179 . Chicago, IL : Aldine .
- Trivers , R. L. 1974 . Parent-offspring conflict . American Zoologist , 14 ( 1 ) : 249 – 264 .
- Van Vugt , M. , De Cremer , D. and Janssen , D. P. 2007 . Gender differences in cooperation and competition: The male-warrior hypothesis . Psychological Science , 18 : 19 – 23 .
- Wildschut , T. , Pinter , B. , Vevea , J. L. , Insko , C. A. and Schopler , J. 2003 . Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of the interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 698 – 722 .
- Williams , K. 2005 . Love my rifle more than you: Young and female in the US army , New York, NY : Norton .
- Wilson , M. , Daly , M. and Scheib , J. E. 1997 . “ Femicide: An evolutionary psychological perspective ” . In Feminism and evolutionary biology: Boundaries, intersections, and frontiers , Edited by: Gowaty , P. A. 431 – 465 . New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
- Wood , E. J. 2009 . Armed groups and sexual violence: When is wartime rape rare? . Politics & Society , 37 ( 1 ) : 131 – 161 .
- Yaeger , D. , Himmelfarb , N. , Cammack , A. and Mintz , J. 2006 . DSM-IV diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder in women veterans with and without military sexual trauma . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21 : 65 – 69 .
- Zihlman , A. L. 1981 . “ Women as shapers of the human adaptation ” . In Woman the gatherer , Edited by: Dahlberg , F. 75 – 120 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .