Dissociative Symptoms Over a Year in a Sample of Sexually Abused Children

REFERENCES

• Alpert , J. L. 1995 . Trauma, dissociation, and clinical study as a responsible beginning . Consciousness and Cognition , 4 : 125 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington , DC : Author . text rev
   Google Scholar
• Banyard , V. L. , Williams , L. M. and Siegel , J. A. 2004 . Childhood sexual abuse: A gender perspective on context and consequences . Child Maltreatment , 9 : 223 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker-Blease , K. A. and Freyd , J. J. 2008 . A preliminary study of ADHD symptoms and correlates: Do abused children differ from nonabused children? . Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , 17 : 133 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker-Blease , K. A. , Freyd , J. J. and Pears , K. C. 2004 . Preschoolers' memory for threatening information depends on trauma history and attentional context: Implications for the development of dissociation . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 5 ( 1 ) : 113 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Berliner , L. 2011 . “ Child sexual abuse—Definitions, prevalence, and consequences ” . In The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment , Edited by: Myers , J. E. B. 215 – 232 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bernier , M.-J. , Hébert , M. and Collin-Vézina , D. 2011 . Symptômes de dissociation chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire ayant dévoilé une agression sexuelle [Dissociative symptoms in preschool-aged children who disclosed sexual abuse] . International Journal of Victimology , 9 : 318 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. and Elliot , D. M. 2001 . “ Immediate and long-term impacts of child sexual abuse ” . In The cost of child maltreatment: Who pays? We all do , Edited by: Franey , K. , Geffner , R. and Falconer , R. 121 – 136 . San Diego , CA : Family Violence and Sexual Assault Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Chandy , J. M. , Blum , R. W. and Resnick , M. D. 1996 . Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents . Child Abuse & Neglect , 20 : 1219 – 1231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat , H. D. and Breslau , N. 1997 . Does psychiatric history bias mothers reports? An application of a new analytic approach . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 971 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti , D. and Rogosch , F. A. 1996 . Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 8 : 597 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collin-Vézina , D. and Hébert , M. 2005 . Comparing dissociation and PTSD in sexually abused school-aged girls . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 193 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes , A. and Kazdin , A. E. 2005 . Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 483 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePrince , A. 2005 . Social cognition and revictimization risk . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 6 ( 1 ) : 125 – 141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foa , E. B. and Hearst-Ikeda , D. 1996 . “ Emotional dissociation in response to trauma: An information processing approach ” . In Handbook of dissociation , Edited by: Michelson , L. and Ray , W. 207 – 224 . New York , NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fontanella , C. , Harrington , D. and Zuravin , S. J. 2001 . Gender differences in the characteristics and outcomes of sexually abused preschoolers . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 9 ( 2 ) : 21 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , W. N. , Jaworski , T. M. , Huxsahl , J. E. and Bengston , B. S. 1997 . Dissociative and sexual behaviors in children and adolescents with sexual abuse and psychiatric histories . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 12 : 155 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. , Hill , E. L. , Swingle , J. M. and Elfant , A. S. 1999 . Relationship between childhood sexual abuse characteristics and dissociation among women in therapy . Journal of Family Violence , 14 ( 2 ) : 157 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman , J. L. , Turner , M. G. , Daigle , L. E. , Exum , M. L. and Cullen , F. T. 2009 . Exploring the gender differences in protective factors: Implications for understanding resiliency . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 53 ( 3 ) : 249 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert , M. 2006 . “ Questionnaire sur la nature du suivi de l'enfant [Services received by the child] ” . In Unpublished instrument, Sexology Department , Montréal , , Canada : Université du Québec à .
   Google Scholar
• Hébert , M. , Tremblay , C. , Parent , N. , Daignault , I. V. and Piché , C. 2006 . Correlates of behavioral outcomes in sexually abused children . Journal of Family Violence , 21 : 287 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulette , A. C. , Freyd , J. J. and Fisher , P. A. 2011 . Dissociation in middle childhood among foster children with early maltreatment experiences . Child Abuse & Neglect , 35 : 123 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulette , A. C. , Freyd , J. J. , Pears , K. C. , Kim , H. K. , Fisher , P. A. and Becker-Blease , K. A. 2008 . Dissociation and posttraumatic symptoms in maltreated preschool children . Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma , 1 : 93 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulette , A. C. , Kaehler , L. A. and Freyd , J. J. 2011 . Intergenerational associations between trauma and dissociation . Journal of Family Violence , 26 : 217 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilfeld , F. W. 1976 . Further validation of a psychiatric symptom index in a normal population . Psychological Reports , 39 : 1215 – 1228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilfeld , F. W. 1978 . Psychologic status of community residents along major demographic dimensions . Archives of General Psychiatry , 35 : 716 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. P. H. 2001 . Editorial: Dissociation in pre-school children . Child Abuse & Neglect , 25 : 1249 – 1251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfie , J. , Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S. L. 2001a . The development of dissociation in maltreated preschool-aged children . Development & Psychopathology , 13 : 233 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfie , J. , Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S. L. 2001b . Dissociation in maltreated versus nonmaltreated preschool-aged children . Child Abuse & Neglect , 25 : 1253 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maikovich-Fong , A. K. and Jaffee , S. R. 2010 . Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse characteristics and victims' emotional and behavioral problems: Findings from a national sample of youth . Child Abuse & Neglect , 34 : 429 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najman , J. M. , Williams , G. M. , Nikles , J. , Spence , S. , Bor , W. , O'Callaghan , M. and Shuttlewood , G. J. 2000 . Mothers mental illness and child behavior problems: Cause-effect association or observation bias? . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 592 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa , J. R. , Sroufe , L. A. , Weinfield , N. S. , Carlson , E. A. and Egeland , B. 1997 . Development and the fragmented self: A longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a normative sample . Development & Psychopathology , 9 : 855 – 879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolucci , E. O. , Genuis , M. L. and Violato , C. 2001 . A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse . Journal of Psychology , 135 : 17 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , N. and Hébert , M. 2000 . Questionnaire sur la victimisation de l'enfant [French adaptation of the History of Victimization Form by Wolfe, Wolfe, Gentile, & Boudreau (1987)] , Montréal , , Canada : Sexology Department, Université du Québec à .
   Google Scholar
• Préville , M. , Boyer , R. , Potvin , L. , Perrault , C. and Légaré , G. 1992 . La détresse psychologique: détermination de la fiabilité et de la validité de la mesure utilisée dans l'enquête Santé Québec [Psychological distress: Determining the reliability and validity of the measure used in the Santé Québec survey] . Les cahiers de la recherche, 7, Government of Québec. Department of Health and Social Services ,
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1994 . “ Dissociative disorders in children and adolescents ” . In Dissociation: Clinical and theoretical perspectives , Edited by: Lynn , S. and Rhue , J. W. 175 – 189 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1995 . “ Development of dissociative disorders ” . In Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation , Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Cohen , D. J. 581 – 608 . New York , NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1997 . Dissociation in children and adolescents: A developmental perspective , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 2003 . Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. , Helmers , K. and Trickett , P. K. 1993 . Development, reliability, and validity of a child dissociation scale . Child Abuse & Neglect , 17 : 731 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesler , T. A. and McKenzie , N. 1994 . Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 145 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberg , J. L. 2004 . The treatment of dissociation in sexually abused children from a family attachment perspective . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training , 41 : 487 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh , M. , Van Ijzendoorn , M. H. , Euser , E. M. and Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. 2011 . A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world . Child Maltreatment , 16 : 79 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. , Carlson , S. M. , Maring , B. L. , Gerow , L. and Charley , C. 2004 . The characteristics and correlates of high fantasy in school-aged children: Imaginary companions, impersonation and social understanding . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 1173 – 1187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman , S. E. and Filipas , H. H. 2005 . Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of child sexual abuse survivors . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 : 767 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2011). Child maltreatment 2010. Retrieved from /index.htm#can http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research (http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research)
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Toorn , S. L. M. , Huizink , A. C. , Utens , E. M. W. J. , Verhulst , F. C. , Ormel , J. and Ferdinand , R. F. 2010 . Maternal depressive symptoms, and not anxiety symptoms, are associated with positive mother-child reporting discrepancies of internalizing problems in children: A report on the TRAILS study . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 19 : 379 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wherry , J. N. , Neil , D. A. and Taylor , T. N. 2009 . Pathological dissociation as measured by the Child Dissociative Checklist . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 18 : 93 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , V. V. 2007 . “ Child sexual abuse ” . In Assessment of childhood disorders , 4th , Edited by: Mash , E. J. and Barkley , R. A. 685 – 748 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , V. V. , Wolfe , D. A. , Gentile , C. and Bourdeau , P. 1987 . History of Victimization Form , London, Ontario , , Canada : Unpublished instrument, London Health Science Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Yancey , C. T. , Hansen , D. J. and Naufel , K. Z. 2011 . Heterogeneity of individuals with a history of child sexual abuse: An examination of children presenting to treatment . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 20 : 111 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar