Dissociative Depression Among Women with Fibromyalgia or Rheumatoid Arthritis

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Dong, M. X., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Giles, W. H., Perry, G. S., … Dube, S. R. (2009). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to a history of premature death of family members. BMC Public Health, 106, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depressian. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of childhood abuse or neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn, D., Bernardy, K., Wolfe, F., & Hauser, W. (2013). The association among childhood maltreatment, somatic symptom intensity, depression, and somatoform dissociative symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A single-center cohort study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14, 342–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysan, M., Goldsmith, R. E., Avu, H., Kayri, M., & Keskin, S. (2009). Relations among, anxiety, depression, and dissociative symptoms: The influence of abuse subtype. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10, 83–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bülbül, F., Cakir, Ü., Ülkü, C., Üre, I., Karabatak, O., & Alpak, G. (2013). Childhood trauma in recurrent and first episode depression. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 14, 93–99.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, J. W., Bruehl, S., & Chont, M. (2013). Anger regulation style, anger arousal and acute pain sensitivity: Evidence for an endogenous opioid “triggering” model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9511-z.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. P., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Whitfield, C. L. (2004). Epidemiology of adverse childhood experiences and depressive disorders in a large health maintenance organization population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. P., Perry, G. S., & Strine, T. W. (2005). The vital link between chronic disease and depressive disorders. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(1), A14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickens, C., McGowan, L., Clark-Carter, D., & Creed, F. (2002). Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(1), 52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, M., Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: New insights into a causal pathway. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1949–1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, M., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williams, J. E., Chapman, D. P., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Circulation, 110, 1761–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Shannon, M., Webb, K., McDermott, B., Ryan, M., & Dyer, K. F. W. (2013). Complex trauma and intimate relationships: The impact of shame, guilt and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 147, 72–79.
   Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R., Fairweather, D. L., Pearson, W. S., Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., & Croft, J. B. (2009). Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 224–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar, J. I., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., & Karno, M. (1989). Somatic Symptom Index (SSI): A new and abridged somatization construct: Prevalence and epidemiological correlates in two large community samples. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177(3), 121–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fietta, P., Fietta, P., & Manganelli, P. (2007). Fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. Acta Biomedica: Atenei Parmensis, 78(2), 88–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freud, S. (1975). Trauer und Melancholie [Mourning and melancholia]. In A. Mitscherlich, A. Richards, & J. Strachey, Psychologie des Unbewussten [Psychology of Unconsciousness] Study Edition (Vol. 3, pp. 193–212). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: S. Fischer Verlag. (Original work published 1917)
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, D. L. (2010). The interface of pain and mood disturbances in the rheumatic diseases. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40(1), 15–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häuser, W., Kosseva, M., Üceyler, N., Klose, P., & Sommer, C. (2011). Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Arthritis Care and Research, 63, 808–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği [Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory among university students]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370, 851–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R., Van der Hart, O., & Vanderlinden, J. (1996). The development and the psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20). Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 688–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Spinhoven, P., Vanderlinden, J., Van Dyck, R., & Van der Hart, O. (1998). Somatoform dissociative symptoms as related to animal defensive reactions to predatory threat and injury. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Van der Hart, O., & Steele, K. (2002). The emerging psychobiology of trauma-related dissociation and dissociative disorders. In H. D’haenen, J. A. den Boer, & P. Willner (Eds.), Biological psychiatry (pp. 1079–1098). Chichester, England: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Van Dyck, R., Ter Kuile, M., Mourits, M., Spinhoven, P., & Van der Hart, O. (2003). Evidence for associations among somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation, and reported trauma in chronic pelvic pain patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 24, 87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Developmental Psychopathology, 9, 855–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli öfke (SL-öfke) ve öfke ifade tarzi (öfke-tarz) ölçekleri ön calismasi [A preliminary study on scales of trait anger and anger expression style]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9, 26–35.
   Google Scholar
• Ozturk, E., & Sar, V. (2008). Somatization as a predictor of suicidal ideation in dissociative disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinerua-Shuhaibar, L. L., Villalobos, N. N., Delgado, N. N., Rubio, M. A., & Suarez-Roca, H. H. (2011). Enhanced central thermal nociception in mildly depressed nonpatients and transiently sad healthy subjects. Journal of Pain, 12(3), 360–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A. (1997). Dissociative identity disorder: Diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment of multiple personality. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., Heber, S., Norton, G. R., Anderson, D., Anderson, G., & Barchet, P. (1989). The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule: A structured interview. Dissociation, 2, 169–172.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V. (2011). Dissociative depression: A common cause of treatment resistance. In W. Renner (Ed.), Female Turkish migrants with recurrent depression (pp. 112–124). Innsbruck, Austria: Studia Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyüz, G., Öztürk, E., & Alioglu, F. (2013). Dissociative depression among women in the community. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14, 423–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Kiziltan, E., Kundakçı, T., Bakim, B., Yargic, L. I., & Bozkurt, O. (1997). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q). In Papers presented at the 33rd Turkish National Psychiatric Conference of the Psychiatry (pp. 43–53). Antalya, Turkey: Bakirköy State Hospital for Nervous and Mental Diseases and Psychiatric Association of Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., Bakim, B., & Bozkurt, O. (2000). Differentiating dissociative disorders from other diagnostic groups through somatoform dissociation in Turkey. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 1(4), 67–80.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2005). What is trauma and dissociation? Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(1–2), 7–20.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., & Öztürk, E. (2007). Functional dissociation of the self: A sociocognitive approach to trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(4), 69–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sar, V., Öztürk, E., & İkikardes, E. (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği [Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire]. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 32, 1054–1063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderlin, M. K., Hakala, M., & Nieminen, P. (2000). Anxiety and depression in a community-based rheumatoid arthritis population. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 29(3), 177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russel, F. S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The State Trait Anger Scale. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances of personality assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 159–187). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, D. B. (2003). Unformulated experience: From dissociation to imagination in psychoanalysis. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Hart, O., Van Dijke, A., Van Son, M., & Steele, K. (2000). Somatoform dissociation in traumatized World War I combat soldiers: A neglected clinical heritage. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 1(4), 33–66.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderlinden, J., Van Dyck, R., Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (1993). The Dissociation Questionnaire: Development and characteristics of a new self reporting questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 1, 21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Waller, G., Hamilton, K., Elliott, P., Lewendon, J., Stopa, L., Waters, A., … Chalkley, J. (2000). Somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation, and specific forms of trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 1(4), 81–98.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Anda, R. F., Dietz, W. H., & Felitti, V. J. (2002). Body weight, obesity, and self-reported abuse in childhood. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26, 1075–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yargic, L. I., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., & Alyanak, B. (1998). Comparison of dissociative identity disorder with other diagnostic groups using a structured interview in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazici-Gulec, M., Altintas, M., Inanc, L., Hazal-Bezgin, C., Kaymak-Koca, E., & Gulec, H. (2013). Effects of childhood trauma on somatization in major depressive disorder: The role of alexithymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146, 137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yücel, B., Ozyalcin, S., Sertel, H. O., Camlica, H., Ketenci, A., & Talu, G. K. (2002). Childhood traumatic events and dissociative experiences in patients with chronic headache and low back pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 18, 394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar