Dissociative Identity Disorder Among Adolescents: Prevalence in a University Psychiatric Outpatient Unit

REFERENCES

• Akyüz, G., Dogan, O., Sar, V., Yargic, L. I., & Tutkun, H. (1999). Frequency of dissociative identity disorder in the general population in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40(2), 151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Dissociative Experiences Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barach, P. M. (1991). Multiple personality disorder as an attachment disorder. Dissociation, 4, 117–123.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of childhood abuse or neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysen, G. A. (2011). The scientific status of childhood dissociative identity disorder: A review of published research. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 80(6), 329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut, I. (1990). Manual of family assessment scale. Ankara, Turkey: Özgüzelis Matbaasi.
   Google Scholar
• Byles, J., Byrne, C., Boyle, M., & Offord, D. (1988). Ontario child health study—Reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Family Process, 27, 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion, V. G., & Steiner, H. (2000). Trauma and dissociation in delinquent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 353–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coons, P. M. (1996). Clinical phenomenology of 25 children and adolescents with dissociative disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 361–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell, P. F., & Eisenhower, J. W. (1990). Adolescent multiple personality disorder: A preliminary study of eleven cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(3), 359–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Kaplan, M., Legatt, M. E., & Lipschitz, D. (2006). Prevalence of dissociative disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadov, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Child Symptom Inventory-4. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.
   Google Scholar
• Hattori, Y. (2005). A case study of thirty-five hikikomori clients: Social withdrawal of young people in Japan. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(3–4), 181–201.
   Google Scholar
• Hornstein, N., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1077–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karadag, F., Sar, V., Tamar-Gurol, D., Evren, C., Karagöz, M., & Erkiran, M. (2005). Dissociative disorders among inpatients with drug or alcohol dependency. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1247–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft, R. P. (1985). Childhood multiple personality disorder: Predictors, clinical findings, and treatment results. In R. P. Kluft & C. G. Fine ( Eds.), Childhood antecedents of multiple personality ( pp. 167–197). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kogan, I. (2007). Escape from selfhood: Breaking boundaries and craving for oneness. London, England: International Psychoanalytical Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kundakci, T., Sar, V., Kiziltan, E., Yargic, L. I., & Tutkun, H. (2014). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the SCID-D: A preliminary study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15 (1), 67--80.
   Google Scholar
• Liotti, G. (2006). A model of dissociation based on attachment theory and research. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(4), 55–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martínez-Taboas, A., Canino, G., Wang, M. Q., García, P., & Bravo, M. (2006). Prevalence and victimization correlates of pathological dissociation in a community sample of youths. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, A. C., Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R. J., … Putnam, F. W. (2012). An exploration of young adults’ progress in treatment for dissociative disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13, 582–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., & Svedin, C. G. (2006). Evaluation of the Swedish Version of Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q), Dis-Q-Sweden, among adolescents. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(3), 65–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Offer, D., Ostrov, E., Howard, K. I., & Atkinson, R. (1990). Normality and adolescence. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(3), 377–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano, K. (1998). Dissociogenic stress: A transcultural concept. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52(1), 76–81.
   Google Scholar
• Ozturk, E., & Sar, V. (2005). “Apparently normal” family: A contemporary agent of transgenerational trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(3–4), 287–303.
   Google Scholar
• Pasquini, P., Liotti, G., Mazzotti, E., Fassone, G., & Picardi, A. (2002). Risk factors in the early family life of patients suffering from dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, F. W. (1997). Dissociation in children and adolescents: A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(1), 58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A. (1996). Epidemiology of dissociation in children and adolescents: Extrapolations and speculations. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5(2), 273–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V. (2011). Epidemiology of dissociative disorders: An overview. Epidemiology Research International, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/404538
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyüz, G., & Doğan, O. (2007). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 15, 149(1–3), 169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyüz, G., Kugu, N., Ozturk, E., & Ertem-Vehid, H. (2006). Axis-I dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma reports. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1583–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyüz, G., Öztürk, E., & Alioglu, F. (2013). Dissociative depression among women in the community. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14, 423–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Alioglu, F., & Akyüz, G. (2014). Experiences of possession and paranormal phenomena among women in the general population: Are they related to traumatic stress and dissociation? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(3), 303--318.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Koyuncu, A., Öztürk, E., Yargic, L. I., Kundakci, T., & Yazici, A. (2007). Dissociative disorders in the psychiatric emergency ward. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Krüger, C., Martinez-Taboas, A., Middleton, W., & Dorahy, M. (2013). Sociocognitive and posttraumatic models of dissociation are not opposed. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 439–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Kundakçi, T., Kızıltan, E., Yargıç, I. L., Tutkun, H., Bakım, B., … Özdemir, Ö. (2003). Axis I dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorder among psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(1), 119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Middleton, W., & Dorahy, M. J. (2012). The scientific status of childhood dissociative identity disorder: A review of published research. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 81(3), 181–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., & Ozturk, E. (2007). Functional dissociation of the self: A sociocognitive approach to trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(4), 69–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sar, V., & Ozturk, E. (2013). Stimulus deprivation and overstimulation as dissociogenic agents in postmodern oppressive societies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14(2), 198–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Öztürk, E., & Ikikardes, E. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 32, 1054–1063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., & Ross, C. A. (2006). Dissociative disorders as a confounding factor in psychiatric research. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 129–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Taycan, O., Bolat, N., Ozmen, M., Duran, A., Ozturk, E., & Ertem-Vehid, H. (2010). Childhood trauma and dissociation in schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 43, 33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Alyanak, B., Bakım, B., & Baral, I. (2000). Frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric outpatients in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore, A. N. (2008). Attachment trauma and the developing right brain: Origins of pathological dissociation. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O’Neil ( Eds.), Dissociation and dissociative disorders: DSM–V and beyond ( pp. 107–141). Washington, DC: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Silberg, J. L. (1998). Dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents as displayed on psychological testing. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 421–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sismanlar, S. G., Coşkun, A., Agaoglu, B., Zaimoglu, S., Karakaya, I., & Yavuz, C. I. (2009). Attention, memory and executive functions in the offspring of schizophrenic patients. Klinik Psikiyatri, 12, 161–171.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M., & Steinberg, A. (1995). Using the SCID-D to assess dissociative identity disorder in adolescents: Three case studies. Bulletin of Menninger Clinics, 59(2), 221–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamar-Gürol, D., Sar, V., Karadag, F., Evren, C., & Karagoz, M. (2008). Childhood emotional abuse, dissociation and suicidality among patients with drug dependency in Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 540–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Sar, V., Tuzun, U., Tutkun, H., & Savaş, H. A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Turkish Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 56, 551–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Tüzün, Ü., Öztürk, M., & Sar, V. (2001). Dissociative disorder among children and adolescents: A review of 36 cases. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 197–206.
   Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Tüzün, Ü., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savas, H. A., Öztürk, M., … Eröcal-Kora, M. (2003). Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high-school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57(1), 119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Yargıç, I. L., Tutkun, H., Öztürk, M., & Sar, V. (1996). Dissociative identity disorder in childhood: Five Turkish cases. Dissociation, 9, 250–257.
   Google Scholar