References
- Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, Families.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(3), 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.11.005
- Becker-Blease, K., Freyd, J., & Pears, C. (2004). Preschoolers’ memory for threatening information depends on trauma history and attentional context: Implications for the development of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(1), 113–131. doi:10.1300/J229v05n01_07
- Berent, R., Crusto, C. A., Lotyczewski, B. S., Greenberg, S. R., Hightower, A. D., & Kaufman, J. S. (2008). Development and psychometric refinement of a measure assessing young children’s exposure to violence: Parent report of children’s experiences. Best Practices in Mental Health, 4, 19–30.
- Briere, J., Johnson, K., Bissada, A., Damon, L., Crouch, J., Gil, E., … Ernst, V. (2001). The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC): Reliability and association with abuse exposure in a multi-site study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1001–1014. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00253-8
- Carlson, S. M., Tahiroglu, D., & Taylor, M. (2008). Links between dissociation and role play in a nonclinical sample of preschool children. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9(2), 149–171. doi:10.1080/15299730802045799
- Carlson, E. B., Waelde, L., Palmieri, P. A., Smith, S., McDade-Montez, E., & Gautier, J. (2011, November). Validation studies of the Traumatic Dissociation Scale: A measure of dissociation associated with traumatic stress. In Symposium Conducted at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies.
- Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2006). An ecological-transactional perspective on child maltreatment: Failure of the average expectable environment and its influence on child development. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation its influence upon child development (2nd ed., pp. 129–201). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Cunningham, A., & Baker, L. (2004). What about me! Seeking to understand a child’s view of violence in the family. London, England: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System.
- Dannlowski, U., Stuhrmann, A., Beutelmann, V., Zwanzger, P., Lenzen, T., Grotegerd, D., … Kugel, H. (2012). Limbic scars: Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71(4), 286–293. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.021
- Davidson, J. R. T., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., … Feldman, M. E. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27, 153–160. doi:10.1017/S0033291796004229
- Davies, P. T., & Cummings, M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 387–411. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387
- Davies, P. T., & Woitach, M. J. (2008). Children’s emotional security in the interparental relationship. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 269–274. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00588.x
- Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., Atkins, M., & Marcus, S. (1997). Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk in five major U.S. cities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 116–122. doi:10.1097/00004583-199701000-00025
- Foa, E. B. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Moran, G., Steele, H., & Higgitt, A. (1993). Measuring the ghost in the nursery: An empirical study of the relation between parents’ mental representations of childhood experiences and their infants’ security of attachment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 41(4), 957–989. doi:10.1177/000306519304100403
- George, C., & Solomon, J. (2008). The caregiving system: A behavioral systems approach to parenting. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 833–856). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Groves, B. M., Zuckerman, B., Marans, S., & Cohen, D. J. (1993). Silent victims children who witness violence. jama, 269(2), 262–264.
- Hagan, M. J., Hulette, A. C., & Lieberman, A. F. (2015). Symptoms of dissociation in a high‐risk sample of young children exposed to interpersonal trauma: Prevalence, correlates, and contributors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 258–261.
- Hesse, E., & Main, M. (1999). Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma in nonmaltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19(4), 481–540. doi:10.1080/07351699909534265
- Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004
- Howell, K. (2011). Resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to family violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 562–569. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.001
- Hulette, A. C., Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2011). Intergenerational associations between trauma and dissociation. Journal of Family Violence, 26, 217–225. doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9357-5
- Ippen, C. G., Ford, J., Racusin, R., Acker, M., Bosquet, M., Rogers, K., & Edwards, J. (2002). Traumatic Events Screening Inventory–Parent Report Revised. Hanover, NH: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD.
- Kitzmann, K., Gaylord, N., Holt, A., & Kenny, E. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339
- Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 701–708. doi:10.1002/da.21889
- Levendosky, A., Huth-Bocks, A., Shapiro, D., & Semel, M. (2003). The impact of domestic violence on the maternal-child relationship and preschool-age children’s functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(3), 275–287. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.275
- Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2008). Psychotherapy with infants and young children: Repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Lundy, M., & Grossman, S. (2005). The mental health and service needs of young children exposed to domestic violence: Supportive data. Families in Society, 86(1), 17–29. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.1873
- Martin, S. (2002). Children exposed to domestic violence: Psychological considerations for health care practitioners. Holistic Nursing Practice, 16(3), 7–15. doi:10.1097/00004650-200204000-00005
- McDonald, R., Jouriles, E., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., & Green, C. (2006). Estimating the number of American children living in partner-violent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 137–142. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.137
- McHugo, G. J., Caspi, Y., Kammerer, N., Mazelis, R., Jackson, E. W., Russell, L., … Kimerling, R. (2005). The assessment of trauma history in women with co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders and a history of interpersonal violence. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32(2), 113–127. doi:10.1007/BF02287261
- McIntosh, J. (2002). Thought in the face of violence: A child’s need. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(3), 229–241. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00321-0
- Moran, G., Neufeld Bailey, H., Gleason, K., DeOliveira, C. A., & Pederson, D. R. (2008). Exploring the mind behind unresolved attachment: Lessons from and for attachment-based interventions with infants and their traumatized mothers. In H. Steele & M. Steele (Eds.), Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 371–398). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Ogawa, J., Sroufe, L., Weinfield, N., Carlson, E., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 855–879.
- Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 161–170. doi:10.1023/A:1024958332093
- Perlstein, S. (2004). System used is key to parent, child agreement on PTSD symptoms. Clinical Psychiatry News, 32, 62.
- Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12(3), 265–296. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003023
- Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(4), 381–395. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_2
- Sim, L., Friedrich, W., Davies, W., Trentham, B., Lengua, L., & Pithers, W. (2005). The Child Behavior Checklist as an indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in normative, psychiatric, and sexually abused children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 697–705. doi:10.1002/jts.20078
- Stover, C. S., Hahn, H., Im, J. J. Y., & Berkowitz, S. (2010). Agreement of parent and child reports of trauma exposure and symptoms in the early aftermath of a traumatic event. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 2(3), 159–168. doi:10.1037/a0019156
- Ungerer, O., Deter, H.-C., Fikentscher, E., & Konzag, T. A. (2010). Improved diagnostics of trauma-related disease through the application of the Life-Stressor Checklist. Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, 60(11), 434–441. doi:10.1055/s-00301247497
- Wolfe, J. W., Kimerling, R., Brown, P. J., Chrestman, K. R., & Levin, K. (1996). Psychometric review of the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 198–201). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.
- Zuckerman, B., Augustyn, M., Groves, B., & Parker, S. (1995). Silent victims revisited: Special considerations of children who witness domestic violence. Pediatrics, 96(3), 511–513.