Depersonalization and derealization in self-report and clinical interview: The spectrum of borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorders, and healthy controls

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Beere, D. (1995). Loss of “background”: A perceptual theory of dissociation. Dissociation, 8(3), 165–174.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coskunol, H., Bagdiken, I., Sorias, S., & Saygili, R. (1994). The reliability of the SCID-II-Turkish Version in personality disorders. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9, 26–29.
   Google Scholar
• Dorahy, M. J., Lewis, C. A., Millar, R. G., & Gee, T. L. (2003). Predictors of nonpathological dissociation in Northern Ireland: The affects of trauma and exposure to political violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6), 611–615. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004087.27216.24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorahy, M. J., & Van der Hart, O. (2015). DSM-5’s posttraumatic stress disorder with dissociative symptoms: Challenges and future directions. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16, 7–28. doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.908806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edell, W. S., Joy, S. P., & Yehuda, R. (1990). Discordance between self-report and observer-rated psychopathology in borderline patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4(4), 381–390. doi:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.381
   Google Scholar
• Fertuck, E. A., Jekal, A., Song, I., Wyman, B., Morris, M. C., Wilson, S. T., … Stanley, B. (2009). Enhanced “reading the mind in the eyes” in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls. Psychological Medicine, 39(12), 1979–1988. doi:10.1017/S003329170900600X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Benjamin, L. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, G., & Riedesser, P. (1999). Lehrbuch der psychotraumatologie [Textbook of psychotraumatology]. Munich, Germany: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse. Ethics & Behavior, 4(4), 307–329. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and Axis I and II comorbidity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(2), 131–140. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2009). Borderline personality disorder: A betrayal trauma approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(4), 261–268. doi:10.1037/a0017833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft, R. P. (1988). The dissociative disorders. In J. Talbott, R. Hales, & S. Yudofsky (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychiatry (pp. 557–585). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kundakci, T., Şar, V., Kiziltan, E., Yargic, L. I., & Tutkun, H. (2014). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D): A preliminary study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(1), 24–34. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.821434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640–647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, K., Thomas, M., Sciolla, A., Schneider, B., Pappas, K., Bleijenberg, G., … Wingenfeld, K. (2016). Minimization of childhood maltreatment is common and consequential: Results from a large, multinational sample using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0146058. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares, R. (2012). A dissociation model of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V. (2011). Developmental trauma, complex PTSD and the current proposal of DSM-5. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 5662. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyüz, G., & Dogan, O. (2007). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 149(1–3), 169–176. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyuz, G., Kugu, N., Ozturk, E., & Ertem-Vehid, H. (2006). Axis-I dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorders and reports of childhood trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(10), 1583–1590. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şar, V., Alioğlu, F., Akyüz, G., & Karabulut, S. (2014). Dissociative amnesia in dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder: Self-rating assessment in a college population. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 477–493. doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.902415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., Yargic, L. I., Tutkun, H., Bakim, B., … Ozdemir, O. (2003). Axis-I dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorder among psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(1), 119–136. doi:10.1300/J229v04n01_08
   Google Scholar
• Şar, V., & Ozturk, E. (2013). Stimulus deprivation and overstimulation as dissociogenic agents in postmodern oppressive societies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14(2), 198–212. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.724346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Ozturk, E., & İkikardes, E. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Turkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(4), 1054–1063.
   Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., Sirof, B., & Knutelska, M. (2001). The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1027–1033. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Loewenstein, R., Şar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., … Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 824–852. doi:10.1002/da.20874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders–Revised (SCID-D-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M., & Schnall, M. (2000). The stranger in the mirror. New York, NY: Cliff Street Books.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijke, A., & Ford, J. D. (2015). Adult attachment and emotion dysregulation in borderline personality and somatoform disorders. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 2, 6. doi:10.1186/s40479-015-0026-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijke, A., van der Hart, O., Ford, J. D., Van Son, M., van der Heijden, P., & Bühring, M. (2010). Affect dysregulation and dissociation in borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder: Differentiating inhibitory and excitatory experiencing states. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(4), 424–443. doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.496140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar