Changes in attachment organization, emotion dysregulation, and interpersonal problems among women in treatment for abuse

References

• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23–32. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi, R., Muller, R. T., & Classen, C. C. (2017). Cumulative risk for deliberate self-harm among treatment-seeking women with histories of childhood abuse. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 6, 600–609. doi: 10.1037/a0033897
   Google Scholar
• Béliveau, M. J., & Moss, E. (2005). Contribution aux validitdé convergente et divergente du projectif de I’attachement adulte [Contribution to the convergent and divergent validity of the Adult Attachment Projective. La Revue Lnternationale De I’ Education Familiale. 9, 29–50. Retrieved from http://attachmentprojective.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/BeliveauMoss2005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, 57, 289–300. doi:10.2307/2346101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, M., Bouthiliier, D., Moss, E., Rousseau, C., & Brunet, A. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies as mediators of the association between level of attachment security and PTSD symptoms following trauma in adulthood. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 23, 10 1–1 1 8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermond, B., Moormann, P. P., Albach, F., & Van Dijke, A. (2008). The impact of severe childhood sexual abuse on the development of alexithymia in adulthood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 260–262. doi:10.1159/000128167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267–283. doi:10.1177/0146167295213008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (2006). Dissociative symptoms and trauma exposure: Specificity, affect dysregulation, and posttraumatic stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 78–82. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000198139.47371.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., & Hodges, M. (2010). Traumatic stress, affect dysregulation, and dysfunctional avoidance: A structural equation model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 767–774. doi:10.1002/jts.20578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2013). Pathways to anxiety: Contributions of attachment history, temperament, peer competence, and ability to manage intense emotions. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44, 504–515. doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0345-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchheim, A., & George, C. (2011). The representational, neurobiological and emotional foundation of attachment disorganization in borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorder. In J. Solomon, & C. George (Eds.), Disorganization ofattachment and caregiving (pp. 343–382). New York,NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña, E., & Carlson, E. (2011). Acute stress disorder revisited. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 245–267. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., Putnam, F. W., Ross, C. A., Torem, M., Coons, P., Dill, D. L., … Braun, B. G. (1993). Validity of the dissociative experiences scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: A multicenter study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1030–1036. doi:10.1176/ajp/170.7.1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3, Serial No. 240). doi:10.2307/1166148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, C., Field, N. P., Koopman, C., Nevill-Manning, K., & Spiegel, D. (2001). Interpersonal problems and their relationship to sexual revictimization among sexually abused women in childhood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 495–509. doi:10.1177/088626001016006001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, C. C., Muller, R. T., Field, N. P., Clark, C., & Stern, E. M. (2017). A naturalistic study of a brief treatment program for survivors of complex trauma. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1289492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, C., & Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36, 119–124. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80060-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Scarvalone, P., & Difede, J. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 437–453. doi:10.1023/A:1024893305226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, C., Zorbas, P., & Charuvastra, A. (2008). Attachment organization, emotion regulation, and expectations of support in a clinical sample of women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 282–289. doi: jts.20339/jts.20339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York,NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences ( 3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Colle, L., & Del Guidice, M. (2010). Patterns of attachment and emotional competence in middle childhood. Social Development, 20, 51–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00576.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtois, C. (2004). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 41, 412–425. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Río-Casanova, L., González, A., Páramo, M., Van Dijke, A., & Brenlla, J. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies in trauma-related disorders: Pathways linking neurobiology and clinical manifestations. Reviews in Neurosciences. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeOliveira, C. A., Moran, G., & Pederson, D. R. (2005). Understanding the link between maternal adult attachment classifications and thoughts and feelings about emotions. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 153–170. doi:10.1080/14616730500135032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2001). Contributions of psychophysiology to research on adult attachment: Review and recommendations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 276–295. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte Giles, M., Nelson, A. L., Shizgal, F., Stern, E., Fourt, A., Woods, P., … Classen, C. C. (2007). A multi-modal treatment program for childhood trauma recovery: Women recovering from abuse program (WRAP). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8, 7–24. doi:10.1300/J229v08n04_02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. J. A., Neufeld, R. W., & Lanius., R. A. (2008). Meta-analysis of alexithymia in post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 243–246. doi:10.1002/jts.20320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233–239. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C. (1996). A representational perspective of child abuse and prevention: Internal working models of attachment and caregiving. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 411–424. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00016-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1984/1985/1986). Attachment interview for adults. Unpublished manuscript. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• George, C., & West, M. (2001). The development and preliminary validation of a new measure of adult attachment: The adult attachment projective. Attachment & Human Development, 3, 30–61. doi:10.1080/14616730010024771
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George, C., & West, M. (2011). The adult attachment projective picture system: Integrating attachment into clinical assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 407–416. doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.594133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., West, M., & Pettem, O. (1999). The adult attachment projective: Disorganization of adult attachment at the level of representation. In J. Solomon, & C. George (Eds.), Attachment Disorganization. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• George, C., & West, M. L. (2012). The adult attachment projective picture system: Attachment theory and assessment in adults. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giese-Davis, J., Koopman, C., Butler, L. S., Classen, C., Cordova, M., Fobair, P., … Spiegel, D. (2002). Change in emotion-regulation strategy for women with metastatic breast cancer following supportive–expressive group therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 916–925. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.70.4.916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, E. (2008). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 552–598). New York,NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2006). Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 309–343. doi:10.1017/s0954579406060172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1097–1127. doi:10.1177/00030651000480041101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993). Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 549–560. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubert, D., Webster, L., & Hackett, R. K. (2012). Unresolved attachment status and trauma-related symptomatology in maltreated adolescents: An examination of cognitive mediators. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43, 471–483. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0276-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobak, R. (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships: Implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 21–43).New York,NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koelen, J. A., Eurelings-Bonteko, E. H. M., Stuke, F., & Luyten, P. (2015). Insecure attachment strategies are associated with cognitive alexithymia in patients with severe somatoform disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 49, 264–278. doi:10.1177/0091217415589303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelen, J. A., Eurelings-Bonteko, L. H., & Kempke, S. (2016). Cognitive alexithymia mediates the association between avoidant attachment and interpersonal problems in patients With somatoform disorder. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 150, 725–742. doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1175997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1999). Multilevel mediation modeling in group-based intervention studies. Evaluation Review, 23, 418–444. doi:10.1177/0193841X9902300404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, C., Lucock, M., Iveson, S., & Noble, R. (2004). Evaluating psychological therapies services: A review of outcome measures and their utility. Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 1, 53–66. Retrieved from http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/journal/mhldrp/ doi:10.5920/mhldrp.2004.1153
   Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970830)16:16b1859::AID-SIM593N3.0.CO;2-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., Côté, S., & Beers, M. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion, 5, 113–118. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 641–658. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00242-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K. (1999). Jacobvitz D. Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioural and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 520–554). New York,NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173–181. doi:10.1023/A:1026595011371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcusson-Clavertza, D., Gušića, S., Bengtssonc, H., Jacobsend, H., & Cardeña, E. (2017). The relation of dissociation and mind wandering to unresolved/disorganized attachment: An experience sampling study. Attachment & Human Development, 19, 170–190. doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1261914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1092–1106. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moormann, P. P., Albach, F., Bermond, B., Van Dijke, A., De Jong, J., Wineke, J., … Karanafti, A. (2012). Gender differences in the impact of child sexual abuse on alexithymia, dissociation and self. Sexual Abuse - Breaking the Silence, Dr. Ersi Abaci Kalfoğlu (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/26047. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/sexual-abuse-breaking-the-silence/gender-differences-in-the-impact-of-childhood-sexual-abuse-on-alexithymia-dissociation-and-self
   Google Scholar
• Muller, R. T., & Rosenkranz, S. E. (2009). Attachment and treatment response among adults in inpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 82–96. doi:10.1037/a0015137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obsuth, I., Hennighausen, K., Brumariu, L. E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2014). Disorganized behavior in adolescent–parent interaction: Relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology. Child Development, 85, 370–387. doi:10.1111/cdev.12113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, J. D. A., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2003). The 20-item toronto alexithymia scale III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 269–275. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00578-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrehumbert, B., Torrisi, R., Glatz, N., Dimitrova, N., Heinrichs, M., & Halfon, O. (2009). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 924–938. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93–115. doi:10.1037/a0022658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RStudio.(2012). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R (Version 0.97.551) [Computer software]. Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.org/ Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.7.2.147
   Google Scholar
• Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, A. (1999). Attachment theory and research: Implications for the theory and practice of individual psychotherapy with adults. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 575–594). New York,NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soldz, S., Budman, S., Demby, A., & Merry, J. (1995). A short form of the inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales. Assessment, 2, 53–63. doi:10.1177/1073191195002001006
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics ( 5th ed.). Boston,MA: Pearson Education Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tasca, G. A., Ramsay, T., Corace, K., Illing, V., Bone, M., Bissada, H., & Balfour, L. (2010). Modeling longitudinal data from a rolling therapy group program with membership turnover: Does group culture affect individual alliance? Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 151–162. doi:10.1037/a0018778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., Meganck, R., & Bogaerts, S. (2007). Alexithymia and interpersonal problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 109–117. doi:10.1002/jclp.20324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F.., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Weinfeld, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, M., & George, C. (1999). Abuse and violence in intimate adult relationships: New perspectives from attachment theory. Attachment & Human Development, 1, 137–156. doi:10.1080/14616739900134201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar