882
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

When stress becomes the new normal: Alterations in attention and autonomic reactivity in repeated traumatization

, MA ORCID Icon, , MA, , PhD & , MA
Pages 362-381 | Received 01 Aug 2016, Accepted 11 Nov 2016, Published online: 16 Mar 2018

References

  • Andreassi, J. (2007). Heart activity and behavior. II. Stress, emotions, motivation, personality, social factors, brain interactions, and conditioning. Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.483
  • Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report:. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276.
  • Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., & Bono, J. (1999). Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 267–278. doi:10.1348/014466599162845
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion, 25, 49–59.
  • Briere, J. (2002). MDI, Multiscale dissociation inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Briere, J., Kaltman, S., & Green, B. L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 223–226. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
  • Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1997). Attentional bias in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4), 635–644. doi:10.1002/jts.2490100409
  • Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 203–216. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
  • Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B. V. D., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
  • Cohen, H., Kotler, M., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Loewenthal, U., Miodownik, H., & Cassuto, Y. (1998). Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder. Biological Psychiatry, 44(10), 1054–1059. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00475-7
  • Courtois, C. A. (2008). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, (1), 86–100.
  • Cuevas, C. A., Sabina, C., & Picard, E. H. (2010). Interpersonal victimization patterns and psychopathology among Latino women: Results from the SALAS study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(4), 296. doi:10.1037/a0020099
  • D’Andrea, W., Pole, N., DePierro, J., Freed, S., & Wallace, D. B. (2013). Heterogeneity of defensive responses after exposure to trauma: Blunted autonomic reactivity in response to startling sounds. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(1), 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.008
  • Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 10–21. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_02
  • DePierro, J., D’Andrea, W., & Pole, N. (2013). Attention biases in female survivors of chronic interpersonal violence: relationship to trauma-related symptoms and physiology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(0). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19135
  • Elsesser, K., Sartory, G., & Tackenberg, A. (2004). Attention, heart rate, and startle response during exposure to trauma-relevant pictures: A comparison of recent trauma victims and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(2), 289–301. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.2.289
  • Fani, N., Bradley-Davino, B., Ressler, K. J., & McClure-Tone, E. B. (2011). Attention bias in adult survivors of childhood maltreatment with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(1), 57–67. doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9294-2
  • Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20(2), 155–176. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80067-X
  • Ford, J. D., & Fournier, D. (2007). Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among women in community mental health aftercare following psychiatric intensive care. Jpi, 3(01). doi:10.1017/s1742646407001094
  • Friedman, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (1998). Autonomic balance revisited: Panic anxiety and heart rate variability. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44(1), 133–151. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00202-X
  • Gibb, B. E., Schofield, C. A., & Coles, M. E. (2008). Reported history of childhood abuse and young adults’ information processing biases for facial displays of emotion. Child Maltreatment, 14(2), 148–156.
  • Gillie, B. L., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2014). Heart rate variability predicts control over memory retrieval. Psychological Science, 25(2), 458–465. doi:10.1177/0956797613508789
  • Graham, F. K., & Clifton, R. K. (1966). Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological bulletin, 65(5), 305.
  • Hauschildt, M., Peters, M. J., Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2011). Heart rate variability in response to affective scenes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychology, 88(2), 215–222. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.004
  • Hayes, A. F. (2015). Hacking PROCESS to Estimate a Simple Moderation Model With a Three Category Moderator. Unpublished white paper, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
  • Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., … Nemeroff, C. B. (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Jama, 284(5), 592–597. doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592
  • Horowitz, M. J., & Reidbord, S. P. (1992). Memory, emotion, and response to trauma. In S.-Å. Christianson (Ed.), The Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Research and Theory (pp. 343–357). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Howell, E. F. (2013). The dissociative mind (pp. 25). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Kluft, R. P. (1990). Dissociation and subsequent vulnerability: A preliminary study. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 3(3), 167–173.
  • Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004). Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1183–1192. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.001
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International affective picture system (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. The center for research in psychophysiology, University of Florida.
  • MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15
  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1986). Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 131. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.131
  • McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J., Laplante, M.-C., Cuthbert, B. N., Shumen, J. R., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Aversive imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma recurrence, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biological Psychiatry, 67(4), 346–356. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.023
  • Miller, M. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2010). The effect of image complexity on attentional bias towards alcohol-related images in adult drinkers. Addiction, 105(5), 883–890. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02860.x
  • Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(4), 297–303. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00109-X
  • Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Eysenck, M. (1992). Attentional bias to threat in clinical anxiety states. Cognition & Emotion, 6(2), 149–159. doi:10.1080/02699939208411064
  • Naim, R., Wald, I., Lior, A., Pine, D., Fox, N. A., Sheppes, G., … Bar-Haim, Y. (2014). Perturbed threat monitoring following a traumatic event predicts risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2077–2084. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002456
  • Orr, S. P., Metzger, L. J., & Pitman, R. K. (2002). Psychophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinics, 25(2), 271–293.
  • Palatini, P. (1999). Need for a revision of the normal limits of resting heart rate. Hypertension, 33(2), 622–625. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.33.2.622
  • Patriquin, M. A., Wilson, L. C., Kelleher, S. A., & Scarpa, A. (2012). Psychophysiological reactivity to abuse-related stimuli in sexually revictimized women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(7), 758–775. doi:10.1080/10926771.2012.690835
  • Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., … Kaufman, J. (2005). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 291–296. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.291
  • Price, R. B., Siegle, G. J., Silk, J. S., Ladouceur, C., McFarland, A., Dahl, R. E., & Ryan, N. D. (2012). Sustained neural alterations in anxious youth performing an attentional bias task: A pupilometry study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(1), 22–30. doi:10.1002/da.21966
  • Reichert, E., Segal, C., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. (2015). Trauma, attentional biases, and revictimization among young adults. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(2), 181–196. doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.975308
  • Sack, M., Hopper, J. W., & Lamprecht, F. (2004). Low respiratory sinus arrhythmia and prolonged psychophysiological arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder: Heart rate dynamics and individual differences in arousal regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 55(3), 284–290. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00677-2
  • Sandberg, D. A., Matorin, A. I., & Lynn, S. J. (1999). Dissociation, posttraumatic symptomatology, and sexual revictimization: A prospective examination of mediator and moderator effects. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(1), 127–138. doi:10.1023/a:1024702501224
  • Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., Ebner, U. W., Simms, T., Sanislow, C., Vermetten, E., … Bremner, J. D. (2004). Psychophysiological reactivity to traumatic and abandonment scripts in borderline personality and posttraumatic stress disorders: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Research, 126(1), 33–42. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.005
  • Soler-Baillo, J. M., Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). The psychophysiological correlates of risk recognition among victims and non-victims of sexual assault. Behav Res Ther, 43(2), 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.004
  • Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., & Navalta, C. P. (2002). Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma. Psychiatric Clinics, 25(2), 397–426.
  • Teicher, M. H., Dumont, N. L., Ito, Y., Vaituzis, C., Giedd, J. N., & Andersen, S. L. (2004). Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biological Psychiatry, 56(2), 80–85. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.016
  • Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009). Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: The neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 141–153. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z
  • Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 201–216. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4
  • Thomas, C. L., Goegan, L. D., Newman, K. R., Arndt, J. E., & Sears, C. R. (2013). Attention to threat images in individuals with clinical and subthreshold symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(5), 447–455. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.05.005
  • Van Der Kolk, B. A. (2002). The assessment and treatment of complex PTSD. In R. Yehuda (Ed.), Treating Trauma Survivors with PTSD (pp. 127–156). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Van Der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389–399. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
  • Wald, I., Shechner, T., Bitton, S., Holoshitz, Y., Charney, D. S., Muller, D., … Bar-Haim, Y. (2011). Attention bias away from threat during life threatening danger predicts PTSD symptoms at one-year follow-up. Depression and Anxiety, 28(5), 406–411. doi:10.1002/da.20808
  • Weathers, F., Litz, B., Keane, T., Palmieri, P., Marx, B., & Schnurr, P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available at from the National Center for PTSD at http://www.ptsd.va.gov
  • Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 785–796. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006
  • Zucker, T. L., Samuelson, K. W., Muench, F., Greenberg, M. A., & Gevirtz, R. N. (2009). The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on heart rate variability and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34(2), 135. doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9085-2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.