Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II) on Iranian patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and mood disorders

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhshani, N. M., Hosseinbore, N., & Kianpoor, M. (2013). Djinnati syndrome: Symptoms and prevalence in rural population of Baluchistan (southeast of Iran). Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(6), 566–570. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.09.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735. doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon, L. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2014). State and trait dissociation: Evaluating convergent and discriminant validity. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 34(1), 25–37. doi:10.2190/IC.34.1.c
   Google Scholar
• De Pasquale, C., Sciacca, F., & Hichy, Z. (2016). Validation of the Italian version of the dissociative experience scale for adolescents and young adults. Annals of General Psychiatry, 15(1), 31. doi:10.1186/s12991-016-0120-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Espírito Santo, H., & Abreu, J. L. P. (2009). Portuguese validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10(1), 69–82. doi:10.1080/15299730802485177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi, S., Kianpoor, M., Shahabizadeh, F., & Yousefi Tabas, M. (2014). Frequency of Djinnati syndrome among inpatient admissions at Baharan psychiatric hospital in Zahedan, Iran. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 16(10), 55–59.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 1–23. doi:10.1016/J.CPR.2004.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtgraves, T., & Stockdale, G. (1997). The assessment of dissociative experiences in a non-clinical population: Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(5), 699–706. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00252-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kianpoor, M., Amouchie, R., Raghibi, M., Hesam, S., Mazidi, M., Abasian, M., … Sadeghkhani, A. (2016). Validity and reliability of Persian versions of Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Acta Medica Mediterranea, 32(SpecialIssue4), 1493–1501.
   Google Scholar
• Körlin, D., Edman, G., & Nybäck, H. (2007). Reliability and validity of a Swedish version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(2), 126–142. doi:10.1080/08039480701226112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Mela, C., Maglietta, M., Castellini, G., Amoroso, L., & Lucarelli, S. (2010). Dissociation in eating disorders: Relationship between dissociative experiences and binge-eating episodes. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laddis, A., & Dell, P. F. (2012). Dissociation and psychosis in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13(4), 397–413. doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.664967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larøi, F., Billieux, J., Defeldre, A.-C., Ceschi, G., & Van der Linden, M. (2013). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the French adaptation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) in non-clinical participants. Revue Européenne De Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 203–208. doi:10.1016/J.ERAP.2013.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavitt, F. (1999). Dissociative experiences scale taxon and measurement of dissociative pathology: Does the taxon add to an understanding of dissociation and its associated pathologies? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 6(4), 427–440. doi:10.1023/A:1026275916184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsanen, T., Saarijärvi, S., & Lauerma, H. (2003). The Finnish version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) and psychiatric distress. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57(1), 17–22. doi:10.1080/08039480310000211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maaranen, P., Tanskanen, A., Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Haatainen, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Viinamäki, H. (2008). The course of dissociation in the general population: A 3-year follow-up study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(3), 269–274. doi:10.1016/J.COMPPSYCH.2007.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzotti, E., Farina, B., Imperatori, C., Mansutti, F., Prunetti, E., Speranza, A. M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2016). Is the Dissociative Experiences Scale able to identify detachment and compartmentalization symptoms? Factor structure of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a large sample of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1295–1302. doi:10.2147/NDT.S105110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mianji, F., & Semnani, Y. (2015). Zār spirit possession in Iran and African countries: Group distress, culture-bound syndrome or cultural concept of distress? Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 10(4), 225–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mula, M., Pini, S., Preve, M., Masini, M., Giovannini, I., & Cassano, G. B. (2009). Clinical correlates of depersonalization symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(1–2), 252–256. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & van der Hart, O. (2011). Dissociation in trauma: A new definition and comparison with previous formulations. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12(4), 416–445. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.570592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll, C., Laing, J., & Mason, O. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies, alexithymia and dissociation in schizophrenia, a review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(6), 482–495. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, H. Y., Kim, D., & Kim, Y. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale among South Korean patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(5), 577–591. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1037040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pec, O., Bob, P., & Raboch, J. (2014). Dissociation in schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 487–491. doi:10.2147/NDT.S57627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard, S. B., Huntjens, R. J. C., Lysaker, P. H., Moskowitz, A., Aleman, A., & Pijnenborg, G. H. M. (2017). Unique and overlapping symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum and dissociative disorders in relation to models of psychopathology: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(1), 108–121. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şar, V., Akyüz, G., Kundakçı, T., Kızıltan, E., & Doğan, O. (2004). Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2271–2276. doi:10.1176/ajp.161.12.2271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., Yargic, I. L., Tutkun, H., Bakim, B., & Özdemir, Ö. (2003). The axis-I dissociative disorder comorbidity of borderline personality disorder among psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(1), 119–136. doi:10.1300/J229v04n01_08
   Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A. (2016). Psychometric properties of the adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale in a sample of Italian adolescents. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 244–257. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1064507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, R., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2008). Dissociative experience and cultural neuroscience: Narrative, metaphor and mechanism. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 32(1), 31–64. doi:10.1007/s11013-007-9077-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., … Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 824–852. doi:10.1002/da.20874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, C., Freyberger, H. J., Stieglitz, R.-D., Carlson, E. B., Kuhn, G., Magdeburg, N., & Kessler, C. (1998). Adaptation and psychometric properties of the German version of the Dissociative Experience Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 799–809. doi:10.1023/A:1024457819547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 300–321. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, N. G., & Ross, C. A. (1997). The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(4), 499–510. doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.4.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Wu, K. D., & Cutshall, C. (2004). Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relation to dissociation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(4), 435–458. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(03)00029-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoroglu, S. S., Sar, V., Tuzun, U., Tutkun, H., & Savas, H. A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 56(5), 551–556. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.01053.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar