The Role of Childhood Maltreatment in The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Dissociation: A Novel Link

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, S. L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H., & Hofmann, S. G. (2002). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 701–715. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00060-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, S., Robinson, A., Shekhar, A., & Walsh, K. (1997). Dissociative symptoms in panic disorder. The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185(12), 755–760. doi:10.1097/00005053-199712000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelow, B., Torrente, A. C., Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Rüther, E. (2004). Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254(6), 397–405. doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0521-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli, H., Akbudak, M., Ural, C., Solmaz, M., Dogan, Z., & Konkan, R. (2017). Is there a complex relationship between social anxiety disorder, childhood traumatic experiences, and dissociation? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 71(1), 55–60. doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1218050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood Trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, L. C., Heimberg, R. G., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and social anxiety disorder: Implications for symptom severity and response to pharmacotherapy. Depression & Anxiety, 29(2), 131–138. doi:10.1002/da.2012.29.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (1993). Estimation and inference in econometrics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dutra, L., Bureau, J., Holmes, B., Lyubchik, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). Quality of early care and childhood trauma: A prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(6), 383–390. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Mauchnik, J., Kleindienst., N., Schmahl, C., Peper, M., Rosenthal, M. Z., … Bohus, M. (2009). Emotional learning during dissociative states in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(3), 214–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Sar, V., Dalbudak, E., Oncu, F., & Cakmak, D. (2009). Social anxiety and dissociation among male patients with alcohol dependency. Psychiatry Research, 165(3), 273–280. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feerick, M. M., & Snow, K. L. (2005). The relationships between childhood sexual abuse, social anxiety, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Journal of Family Violence, 20(6), 409–419. doi:10.1007/s10896-005-7802-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzi-Dottan, R., & Karu, T. (2006). From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood: A path mediated by defense mechanisms and self-esteem. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(8), 616–621. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000230654.49933.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenelle, L. F., Domingues, A. M., Souza, W. F., Mendlowicz, M. V., de Menezes, G. B., Figueira, I. L., & Versiani, M. (2007). History of trauma and dissociative symptoms among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 78(3), 241–250. doi:10.1007/s11126-007-9043-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal-trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse. Ethics & Behavior, 4(4), 307–329. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1
   Google Scholar
• Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(2), 170–180. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Cai, L. (2007). Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: An introduction and software implementation. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 709–722. doi:10.3758/BF03192961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helbig-Lang, S., Rusch, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). Emotion regulation difficulties in social anxiety disorder and their specific contributions to anxious responding. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 241–249. doi:10.1002/jclp.2015.71.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer, J., Braeuer, D., Crawcour, S., Klumbies, E., & Kirshbaum, C. (2013). Depersonalization/derealization during acute social stress in social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 178–187. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Wilderman, C., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2017). Lifetime prevalence of investigating child maltreatment among US children. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 274–280. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Görg, N., Dyer, A., Steil, R., Lyssenko, L., … Bohus, M. (2016). State dissociation moderates response to dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women with and without borderline personality disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 30375. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(6), 640–647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002). A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 156(8), 824–830. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.8.824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebois, L. A. M., Seligowski, A. V., Wolff, J. D., Hill, S. B., & Ressler, K. J. (2019). Augmentation of extinction and inhibitory learning in anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 257–284. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeb, R. T., Paulozzi, I., Melanson, C., Simon, T., & Arias, I. (2008). Child maltreatment surveillance: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
   Google Scholar
• Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michal, M., Kaufhold, J., Grabhorn, R., Krakow, K., Overbeck, G., & Heidenreich, T. H. (2005). Depersonalization and social anxiety. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(9), 629–632. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000178038.87332.ec
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelson, L., June, K., Vives, A., Testa, S., & Marchione, N. (1998). The role of trauma and dissociation in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy outcome and maintenance for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(11), 1011–1050. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00073-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, F. W. (1997). Dissociation in children and adolescents: A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rytwinski, N. K., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Liebowitz, M. R., Cissell, S., Stein, M. B., & Hofmann, S.G. (2009). Screening for social anxiety disorder with the self-report version of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale. Depression & Anxiety, 26(1), 34–38. doi:10.1002/da.v26:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs-Ericsson, N., Verona, E., Joiner, T., & Preacher, K. J. (2006). Parental verbal abuse and the mediating role of self-criticism in adult internalizing disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93(1–3), 71–78. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, C. D., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J., McCreary, D. R., & Forde, D. R. (2001). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 843–857. doi:10.1023/A:1013058625719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1998). Depersonalization: Neurobiological perspectives. Biological Psychiatry, 44(9), 898–908. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00015-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge depersonalisation scale: A new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Research, 93(2), 153–164. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00100-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Knutelska, M., Nelson, D., & Guralnik, O. (2003). Feeling unreal: A depersonalization disorder update of 117 cases. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(9), 990–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, N. M., Herlands, N. N., Marks, E. H., Mancini, C., Letamendi, A., Li, Z., … Stein, M. B. (2009). Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. Depression & Anxiety, 26(11), 1027–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2012). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.
   Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Schuengel, C. (1996). The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: Meta-analytic validation of the dissociative experiences scale (DES). Clinical Psychology Review, 16(5), 365–382. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00006-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2467–2476. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldinger, R. J., Toth, S. L., & Gerber, A. (2002). Maltreatment and internal representations of relationships: Core relationship themes in the narratives of abused and neglected preschoolers. Social Development, 10(1), 41–58. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The emotion regulation interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 346–354. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9225-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolotor, A. J., Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Jain, D., Péturs, H. R., Ramirez, C., … Isaeva, O. (2009). ISPCAN Child Abuse Screen Tool Children’s Version (ICAST-C): Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 833–841. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar