Psychological trauma at different developmental stages and ICD-11 CPTSD: The role of dissociation

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ben‐Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J. I., … Shevlin, M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 264–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1, Attachment. 2nd ed.). Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (1996). Psychometric review of Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI). In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 381–383). Sidran Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, M. S., Feeny, N. C., Connell, A. M., & Zoellner, L. A. (2018). Exploring evidence of a dissociative subtype in PTSD: Baseline symptom structure, etiology, and treatment efficacy for those who dissociate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(5), 439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun, S., Brumariu, L. E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2016). Disorganized attachment in young adulthood as a partial mediator of relations between severity of childhood abuse and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(4), 460–479. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1141149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., … Hyland, P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 536–546. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diseth, T. H. (2006). Dissociation following traumatic medical treatment procedures in childhood: A longitudinal follow-up. Development and Psychopathology, 18(1), 233–251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutra, L., Bureau, J. F., Holmes, B., Lyubchik, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). Quality of early care and childhood trauma: A prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(6), 383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B. (1987). Better bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(397), 171–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1987.10478410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). Confidence intervals based on bootstrap percentiles. In An introduction to the bootstrap (pp. 168–177). Chapman & Hall Inc, Springer U.S.
   Google Scholar
• Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Neft, D., & Lipschitz, D. (2008). Dissociative disorders and suicidality in psychiatric outpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815fa4e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., Charak, R., Modrowski, C. A., & Kerig, P. K. (2018). PTSD and dissociation symptoms as mediators of the relationship between polyvictimization and psychosocial and behavioral problems among justice-involved adolescents. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(3), 325–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1441354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzke, I., Wabnitz, P., & Catani, C. (2015). Dissociation as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and nonsuicidal self-injury in females: A path analytic approach. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.989646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P., Zhu, J., & Lanius, R. (2019). Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: Results from an online survey study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1606625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1606625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan, M. J., Gentry, M., Ippen, C. G., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). PTSD with and without dissociation in young children exposed to interpersonal trauma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 536–541. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Ross, J., & Armour, C. (2017). Evidence of the dissociative PTSD subtype: A systematic literature review of latent class and profile analytic studies of PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 59–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeboer, C. M., De Kleine, R. A., Molendijk, M. L., Schoorl, M., Oprel, D. A. C., Mouthaan, J., Van Der Does, W., & Van Minnen, A. (2020). Impact of dissociation on the effectiveness of psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 6(3), 3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., McElroy, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2020). Does requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? Implications for DSM-5. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(2), 133–141.
   Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., … Roberts, N. P. (2017). Validation of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Cloitre, M., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD and dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. (1981). LISREL V: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. National Educational Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Treating adults with complex posttraumatic stress disorder using a modular approach to treatment: Rationale, evidence, and directions for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 870–876. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 701–708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén & Muthén. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.) [computer program]. Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E., Van Der Hart, O., & Steele, K. (2010). Trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 52(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03379560
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 855–879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/271063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, R., Longo, L., Fiore, D., Carcione, A., Niolu, C., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2019). Dissociation in stress-related disorders and self-harm: A review of the literature and a systematic review of mediation models. Journal of Psychopathology, 25(3), 162–171.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz, M. A., Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Douglas, K. S. (2008). Factor structure and correlates of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a large offender sample. Assessment, 15(4), 511–521. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191108315548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schore, A. N. (2009). Attachment trauma and the developing right brain: Origins of pathological dissociation. In Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond, (pp. 107–141). Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Spiegel, D., Borges, G., Bunting, B., Caldas-de-almeida, J. M., De Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Matschinger, H., … Kessler, R. C. (2013). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the World Mental Health Surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 73(4), 302–312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., … Hyland, P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th rev.). Retrieved September 9th, 2020, from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en). World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar