References
- Abrams, J. A., Hill, A., & Maxwell, M. (2019). Underneath the mask of the strong Black Woman schema: Disentangling influences of strength and self-silencing on depressive symptoms among US Black women. Sex Roles, 80(9–10), 517–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0956-y
- Abrams, J. A., Maxwell, M., Pope, M., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2014). Carrying the world with the grace of a lady and the grit of a warrior: Deepening our understanding of the strong Black woman schema. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 503–518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314541418
- Allen, A. M., Wang, Y., Chae, D. H., Price, M. M., Powell, W., Steed, T. C., Black, A. R., Dhabhar, F. S., Marquez-Magana, L., & Woods-Giscombe, C. L. (2019). Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: Exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1457(1), 104–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14188
- Amankwaa, L. C. (2003). Postpartum depression among African American women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 24(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840305283
- Author et al. (2018).
- Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2007). You have to show strength: An exploration of gender, race, and depression. Gender & Society, 21(1), 28–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206294108
- Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2009). Behind the mask of the strong Black woman: Voice and the embodiment of a costly performance. Temple University Press.
- Donovan, R. A., & West, L. M. (2015). Stress and mental health: Moderating role of the strong Black woman stereotype. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(4), 384–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414543014
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8
- Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple ACEs on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4
- Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The double lives of black women in America. Harper Collins Publishers.
- Lewis, J. A., Williams, M. G., Peppers, E. J., & Gadson, C. A. (2017). Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 475–486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000231
- Liao, K. Y. H., Wei, M., & Yin, M. (2020). The misunderstood schema of the strong Black woman: Exploring its mental health consequences and coping responses among African American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319883198
- Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression, anxiety, & stress scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
- Mekawi, Y., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Kuzyk, E., Dixon, H. D., Carter, S., Bradley-Davino, B., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. (2020). Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: Examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1824398
- Merrick, M., Ports, K., Ford, D., Afifi, T., Gershoff, E., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of ACEs on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016
- Mersky, J., Janczewski, C., & Nitowski, J. (2018). Poor mental health among low-income women in the U.S.: The roles of adverse childhood and adult experiences. Social Science & Medicine, 206, 14–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.043
- Mersky, J., & Janczewski, C. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of ACEs: Findings from a low-income sample of women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 480–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.012
- Moody, A., & Lewis, J. (2019). Gendered racial microaggressions and trauma stress symptoms among Black women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319828288
- National Counsel of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ). (2020). Finding your ACE score. https://www.ncjfcj.org/publications/finding-your-ace-score/
- Public Health Management Corporation. (2013). Findings from the Philadelphia Urban ACE Survey. Institute for Safe Families.
- Sheffler, J., Piazza, J., Quinn, J., Sachs-Ericsson, S., ., & Stanley, I. (2019). ACEs and coping strategies: Identifying pathways to resiliency in adulthood. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 32(5), 594–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.138699
- Slack, K., Font, S., & Jones, J. (2016). The complex interplay of adverse childhood experiences, race, and income. Health & Social Work, 42(1), e24–e31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlw059
- Tsuyuki, K., Al-Alusi, N. A., Campbell, J., Murry, D., Cimino, A., Servin, A., & Stockman, J. (2019). ACEs (ACEs) are associated with forced and very early sexual initiation among Black women accessing publicly funded STD clinics in Baltimore, MD. PLoS One, 14(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216279
- Ward, E. C., & Heidrich, S. M. (2009). African American women’s beliefs about mental illness, stigma, and preferred coping behaviors. Research in Nursing & Health, 32(5), 480–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20344
- Watson-Singleton, N. (2017). Strong Black woman schema and psychological distress: The mediating role of perceived emotional support. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(8), 778–788. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732414
- Watson, N. N., & Hunter, C. D. (2015). Anxiety and depression among African American women: The costs of strength and negative attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(4), 604–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000015
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2010). Superwoman schema: African American women’s views on stress, strength, and health. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310361892
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L., Allen, A. M., Black, A. R., Steed, T. C., Li, Y., & Lackey, C. (2019). The Giscombé Superwoman Schema Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associations with mental health and health behaviors in African American women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(8), 672–681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1584654
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L., & Lobel, M. (2008). Race and gender matter: A multidimensional approach to conceptualizing and measuring stress in African American women Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.173
- Yang, T., & Chen, D. (2018). A multi-group path analysis of the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-rated stress: How does it vary across racial/ethnic groups? Ethnicity & Health, 23(3), 249–275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1258042