Attachment Anxiety and Dissociation Mediate Associations Between Polytrauma and Somatization in Kenyan Adolescents

References

• Álvarez-Lister, M. S., Pereda, N., Abad, J., & Guilera, G. (2014). Polyvictimization and its relationship to symptoms of psychopathology in a southern European sample of adolescent outpatients. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Amone P’olak, K., Jones, P., Abbott, R., Meiser-Stedman, R., Ovuga, E., & Croudace, T. (2013). Cohort profile: Mental health following extreme trauma in a northern Ugandan cohort of war-affected youth study (The WAYS Study). SpringerPlus, 2(1), e300. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amone P’Olak, K., & Omech, B. (2020). Predictors of somatic symptomatology in war-affected youth in northern Uganda: Findings from the ways study. Psychological Studies, 65(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-020-00551-1
   Google Scholar
• Anastas, J. W., Payne, N. A., & Ghuman, S. A. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and complex post-traumatic stress in pregnant teens: A pilot study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 25(5), 741–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03041-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barazzone, N., Santos, I., McGowan, J., & Donaghay-Spire, E. (2019). The links between adult attachment and post-traumatic stress: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 92(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bödvarsdóttir, I., & Elklit, A. (2007). Victimization and PTSD-like states in an Icelandic youth probability sample. BMC Psychiatry, 7(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonvanie, I., Janssens, K., Rosmalen, J., & Oldehinkel, A. (2017). Life events and functional somatic symptoms: A population study in older adolescents. British Journal of Psychology, 108(2), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonvanie, I., van Gils, A., Janssens, K., & Rosmalen, J. (2015). Sexual abuse predicts functional somatic symptoms: An adolescent population study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1989). The trauma symptom checklist (TSC-33): Early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626089004002002
   Google Scholar
• Ciaramella, A. (2018). The influence of trauma on autobiographical memory in the assessment of somatoform disorders according to DSM IV criteria. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(4), 991–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9597-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, N., & Read, S. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contractor, A., Caldas, S., Fletcher, S., Shea, M., & Armour, C. (2018). Empirically derived lifespan polytraumatization typologies: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(7), 1137–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow, T., Levy, K., Bradley, B., Fani, N., & Powers, A. (2021). The roles of attachment and emotion dysregulation in the association between childhood maltreatment and PTSD in an inner-city sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, 105139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daphna-Tekoah, S., Lev-Wiesel, R., Israeli, D., & Balla, U. (2019). A novel screening tool for assessing child abuse: The medical somatic dissociation questionnaire-MSDQ. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(5), 526–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1581868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierkhising, C., Ford, J., Branson, C., Grasso, D., & Lee, R. (2019). Developmental timing of polyvictimization: Continuity, change, and association with adverse outcomes in adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 87, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrajão, P., & Elklit, A. (2021). Attachment and social support mediate associations between polyvictimization and psychological distress in early Uganda and Kenya adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 121, e105271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P., Zhu, J., & Lanius, R. (2019). Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: Results from an online survey study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1606625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelkopf, M. (2018). Social injustice and the cycle of traumatic childhood experiences and multiple problems in adulthood. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e184488. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaus, J., Moser, D. A., Rusconi Serpa, S., Jouabli, S., Turri, F., Plessen, K. J., & Schechter, D. S. (2022). Families with violence exposure and the intergenerational transmission of somatization. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 820652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, M. D., Yoder, J., & Brown, A. (2021). Childhood maltreatment experiences, attachment, sexual offending: Testing a theory. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), NP6183–NP6217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518814262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granot, M., Yovell, Y., Somer, E., Beny, A., Sadger, R., Uliel-Mirkin, R., & Zisman-Ilani, Y. (2018). Trauma, attachment style, and somatization: A study of women with dyspareunia and women survivors of sexual abuse. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0523-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerra, C., Pereda, N., Guilera, G., & Abad, J. (2016). Internalizing symptoms and polyvictimization in a clinical sample of adolescents: The roles of social support and non-productive coping strategies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 54, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gušić, S., Cardeña, E., Bengtsson, H., & Søndergaard, H. (2016). Adolescents’ dissociative experiences: The moderating role of type of trauma and attachment style. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(4), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-016-0107-y
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1097–1127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480041101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle, R., & Smith, G. (1994). Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Garozi, M., Latham, E., Sinclair, M., Ho, G. W. K., McAnee, G., Ford, J. D., & Hyland, P. (2020). Adverse and benevolent childhood experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications for trauma-focused therapies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsberg, S. H., & Elklit, A. Victimization and PTSD in a Rural Kenyan Youth Sample. (2012). Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 8(1), 91–101. Article. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010091
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong, S. S., Kang, D. R., Oh, M. J., & Kim, N. H. (2018). Attachment insecurity as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and adult dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(2), 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1329772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzer, L., Knefel, M., Haselgruber, A., Heinz, P., Schennach, R., & Karatzias, T. (2022). Co-occurrence of severe PTSD, somatic symptoms and dissociation in a large sample of childhood trauma inpatients: A network analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272(5), 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01342-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. Y., Oxford, M. L., Sonney, J., Enquobahrie, D. A., & Cato, K. D. (2022). The mediating role of anxiety/depression symptoms between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and somatic symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 94(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le, M., Holton, S., Romero, L., & Fisher, J. (2018). Polyvictimization among children and adolescents in low- and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19 (3), 323–342. Epub 2016 Jul 26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016659489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoni, C., Agosti, M., Crugnola, S., Rossi, G., & Termine, C. (2018). Psychopathology, dissociation and somatic symptoms in adolescents who were exposed to traumatic experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, e2390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbwayo, A. W., Mathai, M., Harder, V. S., Nicodimos, S., & Vander Stoep, A. (2019). Trauma among Kenyan school children in urban and rural settings: PTSD prevalence and correlates. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00256-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meredith, P., Ownsworth, T., & Strong, J. (2008). A review of the evidence linking adult attachment theory and chronic pain: Presenting a conceptual model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(3), 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens, Y. L., Racioppi, A., Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2021). Dissociation and insecure attachment as mediators of the relation between childhood emotional abuse and nonclinical paranoid traits. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1888539. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1888539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (Second ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, L., Trobliger, R., Bortnik, K., Zeng, R., Saal, E., & Lancman, M. (2019). Psychological trauma, somatization, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidities in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures compared with those in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 92, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacak, Y., Morawa, E., Tuffner, D., & Erim, Y. (2017). Insecure attachment style and cumulative traumatic life events in patients with somatoform pain disorder: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 103, 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., Holmqvist, R., & Jonson, M. (2011). Self-reported attachment style, trauma exposure and dissociative symptoms among adolescents. Attachment & Human Development, 13(6), 579–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2011.609004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njenga, F. (2002). Focus on psychiatry in East Africa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(4), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.4.354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nöthling, J., Lammers, K., Martin, L., & Seedat, S. (2015). Traumatic dissociation as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in South African female rape survivors. Medicine, 94(16), e744. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riem, M. M., Doedée, E. N., Broekhuizen Dijksman, S. C., & Beijer, E. (2018). Attachment and medically unexplained somatic symptoms: The role of mentalization. Psychiatry Research, 268, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satinsky, E. N., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Rasmussen, J. D., Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Perkins, J. M., Kiconco, A., Namara, E. B., Bangsberg, D. R., Tsai, A. C., & Hanlon, C. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences, adult depression, and suicidal ideation in rural Uganda: A cross-sectional, population-based study. PLoS Medicine, 18(5), e1003642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Chun, C. A., Silvia, P. J., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Attachment style predicts affect, cognitive appraisals, and social functioning in daily life. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, e296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsehay, M., Necho, M., & Mekonnen, W. (2020). The role of adverse childhood experience on depression symptom, prevalence, and severity among school going adolescents. Depression Research and Treatment, 2020, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5951792
   Google Scholar
• Winding, T. N., & Andersen, J. H. (2019). Do negative childhood conditions increase the risk of somatic symptoms in adolescence? - a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), e828. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7198-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zdankiewicz-Ścigała, E., & Ścigała, D. K. (2018). Relationship between attachment style in adulthood, alexithymia, and dissociation in alcohol use disorder inpatients. Mediational model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. Article 2039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., & Elklit, A. (2019). Attachment and social support mediate associations between polyvictimization and psychological distress in early adolescence. International Journal of Psychology, 55(3), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar