Dissociative Experiences, Borderline Personality Disorder Features, and Childhood Trauma: Generating Hypotheses from Data-Driven Network Analysis in an International Sample

References

• Al-Shamali, H. F., Winkler, O., Talarico, F., Greenshaw, A. J., Forner, C., Zhang, Y. Burback, L. (2022). A systematic scoping review of dissociation in borderline personality disorder and implications for research and clinical practice: Exploring the fog. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56(10), 1252–1264. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221077029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Barnow, S., Limberg, A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Grabe, H. J., Freyberger, H. J., & Hamm, A. (2012). Dissociation and emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J. Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Epskamp, S., Krause, R. W., Schoch, D., Wichers, M. Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 892–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. M., Zimmer-Gembeck, M., & Duffy, A. (2021). At the junction of clinical and developmental science: Associations of borderline identity disturbance symptoms with identity formation processes in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 35(Suppl B), 8–28. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 6(1), 16–27.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., van der Maas, H. L., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Comorbidity: A network perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991567 ( discussion 150-193).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardena, E. Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(3), 550–588. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, A. N. (2009). Racial and ethnic differences in dissociation: An examination of the dissociative experiences scale in a nonclinical population. Journal Trauma Dissociation, 10(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730802488452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Mauchnik, J., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., Peper, M., Rosenthal, M. Z. Bohus, M. (2009). Emotional learning during dissociative states in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 34(3), 214–222. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19448852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavioral Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foygel, R., & Drton, M. (2010). Extended Bayesian information criteria for Gaussian graphical models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 23. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1011.6640
   Google Scholar
• Fruchterman, T. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by force‐directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience, 21(11), 1129–1164. https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Wong, M. Y. C., Lam, S. K. K., Wong, E. N. M., Chien, W. T., Hung, S. L., Lee, K. H. Ross, C. A. (2023). Borderline personality disorder features and their relationship with trauma and dissociation in a sample of community health service users. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 10(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-023-00228-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaesmer, H., Schulz, A., Hauser, W., Freyberger, H. J., Brahler, E., & Grabe, H. J. (2013). Der Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) - Entwicklung und Validierung von Schwellenwerten zur Klassifikation [The childhood trauma screener (CTS) - development and validation of cut-off-scores for classificatory diagnostics]. Psychiatrische Praxis, 40(4), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1343116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallquist, M. N., Wright, A. G. C., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2021). Problems with centrality measures in psychopathology symptom networks: Why network psychometrics cannot escape psychometric theory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(2), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1640103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Waldorp, L. J. (2020). Mgm: Estimating time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data. Journal of Statistical Software, 93(8), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v093.i08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horz-Sagstetter, S., Ohse, L., & Kampe, L. (2021). Three dimensional approaches to personality disorders: A review on personality functioning, personality structure, and personality organization. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(7), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01250-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobo, M. C., Blais, M. A., Baity, M. R., & Harley, R. (2007). Concurrent validity of the personality assessment inventory borderline scales in patients seeking dialectical behavior therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890709336837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, N., Bohus, M., Ludäscher, P., Limberger, M. F., Kuenkele, K., Ebner-Priemer, U. W. Schmahl, C. (2008). Motives for nonsuicidal self-injury among women with borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(3), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181663026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Gorg, N., Dyer, A., Steil, R., Lyssenko, L. Bohus, M. (2016). State dissociation moderates response to dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women with and without borderline personality disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 30375. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.30375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, N., Steil, R., Priebe, K., Muller-Engelmann, M., Biermann, M., Fydrich, T. Bohus, M. (2021). Treating adults with a dual diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(11), 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleindienst, N., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2021). Childhood adversity and borderline personality disorder. Analyses complementing the meta-analysis by Porter et al (2020). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(2), 183–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Chatzaki, E., Winter, D., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021). Dissociation in borderline personality disorder: Recent experimental, neurobiological studies, and implications for future research and treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(6), 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01246-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz, A., Veer, I. M., Rombouts, S. A., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014). Amygdala and anterior cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in borderline personality disorder patients with a history of interpersonal trauma. Psychological Medicine, 44(13), 2889–2901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Schriner, F., Chiu, C. D., Lis, S., Spinhoven, P. Elzinga, B. M. (2018). Reduced amygdala reactivity and impaired working memory during dissociation in borderline personality disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268(4), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0806-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A. (2015). Trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness: A call for clinical, treatment, and neuroscience research. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27905. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ludascher, P., Bohus, M., Lieb, K., Philipsen, A., Jochims, A., & Schmahl, C. (2007). Elevated pain thresholds correlate with dissociation and aversive arousal in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 149(1–3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Merckelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., McNally, R. J., Loftus, E. F. Malaktaris, A. (2014). The trauma model of dissociation: Inconvenient truths and stubborn fictions. Comment on dalenberg et al. (2012). Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 896–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, S. J., Polizzi, C., Merckelbach, H., Chiu, C. D., Maxwell, R., van Heugten, D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022). Dissociation and dissociative disorders reconsidered: Beyond sociocognitive and trauma models toward a transtheoretical framework. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 259–289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone, A. M., Tzischinsky, O., Cascino, G., Alon, S., Pellegrino, F., Ruzzi, V., & Latzer, Y. (2021). The connection between childhood maltreatment and eating disorder psychopathology: A network analysis study in people with bulimia nervosa and with binge eating disorder. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01169-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality assessment inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, C., Palmier-Claus, J., Branitsky, A., Mansell, W., Warwick, H., & Varese, F. (2020). Childhood adversity and borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, G. M. (2018). Progress in developing a classification of personality disorders for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinders, A., & Veltman, D. J. (2021). Dissociative identity disorder: Out of the shadows at last? British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 413–414. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richetin, J., Preti, E., Costantini, G., De Panfilis, C., & Mazza, M. (2017). The centrality of affective instability and identity in borderline personality disorder: Evidence from network analysis. Public Library of Science ONE, 12(10), e0186695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186695
   Google Scholar
• Santangelo, P. S., Reinhard, I., Koudela-Hamila, S., Bohus, M., Holtmann, J., Eid, M., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2017). The temporal interplay of self-esteem instability and affective instability in borderline personality disorder patients’ everyday lives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(8), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouw, J. E., Verkes, R. J., Schene, A. H., & Schellekens, A. F. (2020). The relationship between childhood adversity and adult personality revealed by network analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, A., Cloos, L., Zdravkovic, M., Lis, S., & Krause-Utz, A. (2022). On the interplay of borderline personality features, childhood trauma severity, attachment types, and social support. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 9(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00206-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Oldham, J. M., Clark, L. A., Morey, L. C., Verheul, R., Krueger, R. F., & Siever, L. J. (2011). Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 part II: Clinical application. Personality Disorders, 2(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021892
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soffer-Dudek, N., Lassri, D., Soffer-Dudek, N., & Shahar, G. (2015). Dissociative absorption: An empirically unique, clinically relevant, dissociative factor. Consciousness and Cognition, 36, 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, J. L., Blaney, C., Mota, N., Bilevicius, E., Beatie, B., Kilborn, K. El-Gabalawy, R. (2021). Dissociation as a transdiagnostic indicator of self-injurious behavior and suicide attempts: A focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(6), 1149–1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southward, M. W., & Cheavens, J. S. (2018). Identifying core deficits in a dimensional model of borderline personality disorder features: A network analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(5), 685–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618769560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., & Cardena, E. (1991). Disintegrated experience: The dissociative disorders revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardena, E., Brown, R. J., & Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression & Anxiety, 28(12), E17–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2007). Dissociation predicts symptom-related treatment outcome in short-term inpatient psychotherapy. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(8), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701449146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Pinsker-Aspen, J. H., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2007). Borderline pathology and the personality assessment inventory (PAI): An evaluation of criterion and concurrent validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890709336838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglmayr, C. E., Shapiro, D. A., Stieglitz, R. D., Limberger, M. F., & Bohus, M. (2001). Experience of aversive tension and dissociation in female patients with borderline personality disorder – a controlled study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00012-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibshirani, R. (1996). Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 58(1), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschoeke, S., Bichescu-Burian, D., Steinert, T., & Flammer, E. (2021). History of childhood trauma and association with borderline and dissociative features. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 209(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermetten, E., & Spiegel, D. (2014). Trauma and dissociation: Implications for borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(2), 434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0434-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Klipstein, L., Borsboom, D., Arntz, A., & Oathes, D. J. (2021). The exploratory value of cross-sectional partial correlation networks: Predicting relationships between change trajectories in borderline personality disorder. Public Library of Science ONE, 16(7), e0254496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254496
   Google Scholar
• Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2467–2476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 300. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilfer, T., Armbrust, M., Aalderink, T., & Spitzer, C. (2021). Einfluss dissoziativer Phanomene auf das Behandlungsergebnis stationarer Psychotherapie von Patienten mit einer Borderline-Personlichkeitsstorung. [Impact of dissociative phenomena on treatment outcome of inpatient psychotherapy of patients with borderline personality disorder]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 67(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2021.67.4.435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar