Can We Mitigate Covid-19 Related Work Strain Among Civil Servants? Examining the Role of Organizational Commitment, Job Autonomy and Workplace Social Support

References

• Ackaert, E. (2021). Grote studie bevestigt: 46 procent van de vlamingen is minder gelukkig door de coronacrisis. VRT NWS. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/04/29/grote-studie-bevestigt-46-vlamingen-minder-gelukkig-door-coro/
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, F., Jhajj, A. K., Stewart, D. E., Burghardt, M., & Bierman, A. S. (2014). Single item measures of self-rated mental health: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 398. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Arapovic-Johansson, B., Wahlin, C., Kwak, L., Bjorklund, C., & Jensen, I. (2017). Work-related stress assessed by a text message single-item stress question. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England), 67(8), 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth, B. E. (2020). Identity and identification during and after the pandemic: How might COVID-19 change the research questions we ask? Journal of Management Studies, 57(8), 1763–1766. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B. (2015). A job demands-resources approach to public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begley, T. M., & Czajka, J. M. (1993). Panel analysis of the moderating effects of commitment on job satisfaction, intent to quit, and health following organizational change. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 552–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisnier, A. D. (2003). Strong cultures and subcultures: A multi-level framework for understanding the emergence and consequences of organizational subcultures. University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., & Lako, C. J. (2019). Exploring the job demands–resources model of work engagement in government: bringing in a psychological perspective. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(3), 372–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17729870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buomprisco, G., Ricci, S., Perri, R., & De Sio, S. (2021). Health and telework: New challenges after COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 5(2), em0073. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejeph/9705
   Google Scholar
• Cabana, G. C., & Kaptein, M. (2021). Team ethical cultures within an organization: A differentiation perspective on their existence and relevance. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(4), 761–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Westman, M., & Eden, D. (2009). Impact of enhanced resources on anticipatory stress and adjustment to new information technology: A field-experimental test of conservation of resources theory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, D. S., Dich, N., Flensborg-Madsen, T., Garde, E., Hansen, Å. M., & Mortensen, E. L. (2019). Objective and subjective stress, personality, and allostatic load. Brain and Behavior, 9(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Tyrrel, D. A. J., & Smit, A. P. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(1), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1990). Personality: Another “hidden factor” is stress research. Psychological Inquiry, 1(1), 22–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0101_5
   Google Scholar
• Davis, R. S., & Stazyk, E. C. (2022). Ambiguity, appraisal, and affect: Examining the connections between goal perceptions, emotional labour, and exhaustion. Public Management Review, 24(10), 1499–1520. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1909348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., & Van Hootegem, G. (2016). Not all autonomy is the same. Different dimensions of job autonomy and their relation to work engagement & innovative work behavior. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 26(4), 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbeke, K. (2021). Steeds meer mensen zijn het telewerk beu. De Standaard.
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch, J. (2020). Belgian virus hunter warns of looming ‘age of pandemics. Politico.Eu, https://www.politico.eu/article/virus-hunter-peter-piot-age-of-pandemics/
   Google Scholar
• Elo, A. L., Leppänen, A., & Jahkola, A. (2003). Validity of a single-item measure of stress symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 29(6), 444–451. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein, E. C., & Skinner, N. (2015). Clarifying the effect of work hours on health through work–life conflict. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(4), 448–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A., & Gibbons, A. M. (2016). Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel, M. O., Giessing, L., Egger-Lampl, S., Hutter, V., Oudejans, R. R. D., Kleygrewe, L., Jaspaert, E., & Plessner, H. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on European police officers: Stress, demands, and coping resources. Journal of Criminal Justice, 72, 101756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FT. (2021, February 18). Welzijn op het werk daalt (p. 11). De Morgen.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1225–1244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giauque, D., Anderfuhren-Biget, S., & Varone, F. (2013). Stress perception in public organisations: Expanding the job demands-job resources model by including public service motivation. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 33(1), 58–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X12443264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesleben, J. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., Freedy, J., Lane, C., & Geller, P. (1990). Conservation of social resources: Social support resource theory. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(4), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590074004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
   Google Scholar
• Hoge gezondheidsraad. (2021). Psychosociale opvang tijdens de Covid-19 pandemie: herziening (p. 48). Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://www.health.belgium.be/nl/advies-9610-psychosociale-opvang-tijdens-de-covid-19-pandemie-herziening-2021-0
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, U. T., Moynihan, D. P., & Salomonsen, H. H. (2018). Communicating the vision: How face-to-face dialogue facilitates transformational leadership. Public Administration Review, 78(3), 350–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support. Administration in Social Work, 32(3), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/03643100801922357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinman, G., Wray, S., & Strange, C. (2011). Emotional labour, burnout and job satisfaction in UK teachers: The role of workplace social support. Educational Psychology, 31(7), 843–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2011.608650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., … Vugt, M. v. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. The American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozusznik, M. W., Rodríguez, I., & Peiró, J. M. (2015). Eustress and distress climates in teams: Patterns and outcomes. International Journal of Stress Management, 22(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Littman, A. J., White, E., Satia, J. A., Bowen, D. J., & Kristal, A. R. (2006). Reliability and validity of 2 single-item measures of psychosocial stress. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 17(4), 398–403. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000219721.89552.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Team stress research: A review and recommendations for future investigations. Occupational Health Science, 2(2), 99–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-018-0018-4
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (2nd ed.). StataCorp LP. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:tsj:spbook:long2
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu, J. E., & Kohler, S. S. (1990). A cross-level examination of group absence influences on individual absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.2.217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review, theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, C., & Chung‐Yan, G. A. (2013). Effects of social support on professors’ work stress. International Journal of Educational Management, 27 (3), 188–202.
   Google Scholar
• Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murad, H., Fleischman, A., Sadetzki, S. O. G., & Freedman, L. (2003). Small samples and ordered logistic regression: Does it help to collapse categories of outcome? The American Statistician, 57, 155–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, N. T. H., & Tuan, L. T. (2022). Creating reasonable workload to enhance public employee job satisfaction: The role of supervisor support, co-worker support, and tangible job resources. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(1), 131–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2021.2018717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notelaers, G., De Witte, H., Van Veldhoven, M., & Vermunt, J. K. (2007). The short inventory to monitor psychosocial hazards: combining latent class modeling and structural equation modeling to monitor and to evaluate intervention programs. In J. Pelletier (Ed.), Intervention practices in firms (pp. 161–172). ANACT.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. M., & Rainey, H. G. (2007). Antecedents, mediators, and consequences of affective, normative, and continuance commitment: Empirical tests of commitment effects in federal agencies. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27(3), 197–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X06296866
   Google Scholar
• Ray, E. B., & Miller, K. I. (1994). Social support, home/work stress, and burnout: Who can help? The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30(3), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886394303007
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, N. P. (1994). Exploring a paradox: Commitment as a moderator of the stressor‐burnout relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00589.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. (2021). How we prepare for an ‘age of pandemics.’ Horizon The EU Research and Innovation Magazine. https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/how-we-prepare-age-pandemics
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, V., Salek, S., Aubé, C., & Morin, E. M. (2009). Distributive justice, procedural justice, and psychological distress: The moderating effect of coworker support and work autonomy. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 305–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. Handbook of Self-Determination, 1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K., & Diestel, S. (2012). The relation of self‐control demands to job strain: The moderating role of organisational commitment. Applied Psychology, 61(3), 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00479.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, M., Ostroff, C., & Kinicki, A. J. (2006). Organizational climate systems and psychological climate perceptions: A cross-level study of climate-satisfaction relationships. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(4), 645–671. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X72119
   Google Scholar
• Sciensano. (2021). Belgium Covid-19 epidemiological situation. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from https://epistat.sciensano.be/covid/
   Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relations, 39(11), 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603901104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, W. B., & Predmore, S. C. (1985). Intimates as agents of social support: Sources of consolation or despair? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1609–1617. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.49.6.1609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinstrup, J., Jay, K., Jakobsen, M. D., & Andersen, L. L. (2021). Single-item measures of stress during work- and private time in healthcare workers. Work, 70(2), 583–589. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-213594
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314–334. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawoe, K. (2021). Het corporate brein. Vakmedianet.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Hobfoll, S. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business and Management, 9, 389–406.
   Google Scholar