116
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Mutations at the conserved N-Terminal of the human Rhinovirus capsid gene VP4, and their impact on the immune response

, ORCID Icon, , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all

References

  • Jacobs, S. E.; Lamson, D. M.; St George, K.; Walsh, T. J. Human Rhinoviruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 26(1), 135–162. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00077-12.
  • Stone, C. A. J.; Miller, E. K. Understanding the Association of Human Rhinovirus with Asthma. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2016, 23(1), 6–10. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00414-15.
  • Esposito, S.; Daleno, C.; Tagliabue, C.; Scala, A.; Tenconi, R.; Borzani, I.; Fossali, E.; Pelucchi, C.; Piralla, A.; Principi, N. Impact of Rhinoviruses on Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 31(7), 1637–1645. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1487-4.
  • McIntyre, C. L.; Knowles, N. J.; Simmonds, P. Proposals for the Classification of Human Rhinovirus Species A, B and C into Genotypically Assigned Types. J. Virol. 2013, 94(Pt 8), 1791–1806. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053686-0.
  • Johnston, S. L. A B, and C Rhinoviruses: New Knowledge from an Impressive Consortium. A Step Forward for Rhinovirus Vaccine Efforts or a Step Back? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2021, 203(7), 786–788. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0346ED.
  • Atmar, R. L. Uncommon (Ly Considered) Manifestations of Infection with Rhinovirus, Agent of the Common Cold. Clin. Infect. Dis. July 2005, 41(2), 266–267. DOI: 10.1086/430927.
  • Palmenberg, A. C.; Rathe, J. A.; Liggett, S. B. Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequences of Human Rhinovirus. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125(6), 1190–1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.010.
  • Palmenberg, A. C.; Spiro, D.; Kuzmickas, R.; Wang, S.; Djikeng, A.; Rathe, J. A.; Fraser-Liggett, C. M.; Liggett, S. B. Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveal Structure and Evolution. Science. 2009, 324(5923), 55–59. DOI: 10.1126/science.1165557.
  • Erkkola, R.; Turunen, R.; Räisänen, K.; Waris, M.; Vuorinen, T.; Laine, M.; Tähtinen, P.; Gern, J. E.; Bochkov, Y. A.; Ruohola, A., et al. Rhinovirus C is Associated with Severe Wheezing and Febrile Respiratory Illness in Young Children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 39(4), 283–286. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002570.
  • Linster, M.; Donato, C.; Mah, M. G.; Grau, M. L.; Low, J. G.; Ooi, E. E.; Su, Y. C. F.; Smith, G. J. D.; Vijaykrishna, D. Genetic Diversity of Respiratory Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses in Febrile Adults, Singapore, 2007–2013. Influenza. Resp. Viruses. 2020, 14(1), 67–71. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12662.
  • Rossmann, M. G.; Bella, J.; Kolatkar, P. R.; He, Y.; Wimmer, E.; Kuhn, R. J.; Baker, T. S. Cell Recognition and Entry by Rhino- and Enteroviruses. Virology. 2000, 269(2), 239–247. DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0258.
  • Bochkov, Y. A.; Watters, K.; Ashraf, S.; Griggs, T. F.; Devries, M. K.; Jackson, D. J.; Palmenberg, A. C.; Gern, J. E. Cadherin-Related Family Member 3, a Childhood Asthma Susceptibility Gene Product, Mediates Rhinovirus C Binding and Replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112(17), 5485–5490. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421178112.
  • Makris, S.; Johnston, S. Recent Advances in Understanding Rhinovirus Immunity. F1000Research. 2018, 7. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15337.1.
  • Barclay, W. S.; Al-Nakib, W.; Higgins, P. G.; Tyrrell, D. A. The Time Course of the Humoral Immune Response to Rhinovirus Infection. Epidemiol. Infect. 103(3), 659–669. DOI: 10.1017/s095026880003106x.
  • Glanville, N.; Johnston, S. L. Challenges in Developing a Cross-Serotype Rhinovirus Vaccine. Curr. Opin. Virol. 11, 83–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.004.
  • Fox, J. P. Is a Rhinovirus Vaccine Possible? Am. J. Epidemiol. 103(4), 345–354. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112233.
  • Choi, T.; Devries, M.; Bacharier, L. B.; Busse, W.; Camargo, C. A. J.; Cohen, R.; Demuri, G. P.; Evans, M. D.; Fitzpatrick, A. M.; Gergen, P. J., et al. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 203(7), 822–830. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753OC.
  • Cooney, M. K.; Fox, J. P.; Kenny, G. E. Antigenic Groupings of 90 Rhinovirus Serotypes. Infect. Immun. 1982, 37(2), 642–647. DOI: 10.1128/iai.37.2.642-647.1982.
  • Edlmayr, J.; Niespodziana, K.; Popow-Kraupp, T.; Krzyzanek, V.; Focke-Tejkl, M.; Blaas, D.; Grote, M.; Valenta, R. Antibodies Induced with Recombinant VP1 from Human Rhinovirus Exhibit Cross-Neutralisation. Eur. Respir. J. 37(1), 44–52. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00149109.
  • Glanville, N.; McLean, G. R.; Guy, B.; Lecouturier, V.; Berry, C.; Girerd, Y.; Gregoire, C.; Walton, R. P.; Pearson, R. M.; Kebadze, T., et al. Cross-Serotype Immunity Induced by Immunization with a Conserved Rhinovirus Capsid Protein. PloS. Pathog. 2013, 9(9), e1003669. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003669.
  • Choi, S.-H.; Huh, J. W.; Hong, S.-B.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, S.-H.; Sung, H.; Do, K.-H.; Lee, S.-O.; Kim, M.-N.; Jeong, J.-Y., et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Severe Rhinovirus-Associated Pneumonia Identified by Bronchoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Adults: Comparison with Severe Influenza Virus-Associated Pneumonia. J. Clin.l Virol. 62, 41–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.010.
  • Lee, S.; Nguyen, M. T.; Currier, M. G.; Jenkins, J. B.; Strobert, E. A.; Kajon, A. E.; Madan-Lala, R.; Bochkov, Y. A.; Gern, J. E.; Roy, K., et al. A Polyvalent Inactivated Rhinovirus Vaccine is Broadly Immunogenic in Rhesus Macaques. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7(1), 12838. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12838.
  • Potaczek, D. P.; Unger, S. D.; Zhang, N.; Taka, S.; Michel, S.; Akdağ, N.; Lan, F.; Helfer, M.; Hudemann, C.; Eickmann, M., et al. Development and Characterization of DNAzyme Candidates Demonstrating Significant Efficiency Against Human Rhinoviruses. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 2019, 143(4), 1403–1415. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.026.
  • Steinke, J. W.; Liu, L.; Turner, R. B.; Braciale, T. J.; Borish, L.; Tran, D. Q. Immune Surveillance by Rhinovirus-Specific Circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes. PloS. One. 2015, 10(1), e0115271. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115271.
  • Muehling, L. M.; Mai, D. T.; Kwok, W. W.; Heymann, P. W.; Pomés, A.; Woodfolk, J. A. Circulating Memory CD4+ T Cells Target Conserved Epitopes of Rhinovirus Capsid Proteins and Respond Rapidly to Experimental Infection in Humans. J. Immunol. 2016, 197(8), 3214–3224. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600663.
  • Gern, J. E.; Dick, E. C.; Kelly, E. A.; Vrtis, R.; Klein, B. Rhinovirus-Specific T Cells Recognize Both Shared and Serotype-Restricted Viral Epitopes. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 175(5), 1108–1114. DOI: 10.1086/516449.
  • Howard, F. H. N.; Kwan, A.; Winder, N.; Mughal, A.; Collado-Rojas, C.; Muthana, M. Understanding Immune Responses to Viruses—Do Underlying Th1/Th2 Cell Biases Predict Outcome? Viruses. July 1, 2022, 14(7), 1493. DOI: 10.3390/v14071493.
  • Koo, H. J.; Lim, S.; Choe, J.; Choi, S.-H.; Sung, H.; Do, K.-H. Radiographic and CT Features of Viral Pneumonia. Radiographics. 2018, 38(3), 719–739. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170048.
  • Honkinen, M.; Lahti, E.; Österback, R.; Ruuskanen, O.; Waris, M. Viruses and Bacteria in Sputum Samples of Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18(3), 300–307. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03603.x.
  • Kamau, E.; Onyango, C. O.; Otieno, G. P.; Kiyuka, P. K.; Agoti, C. N.; Medley, G. F.; Cane, P. A.; Nokes, D. J.; Munywoki, P. K. An Intensive, Active Surveillance Reveals Continuous Invasion and High Diversity of Rhinovirus in Households. J. Infect. Dis. 219(7), 1049–1057. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy621.
  • Lu, X.; Schneider, E.; Jain, S.; Bramley, A. M.; Hymas, W.; Stockmann, C.; Ampofo, K.; Arnold, S. R.; Williams, D. J.; Self, W. H., et al. Rhinovirus Viremia in Patients Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 216(9), 1104–1111. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix455.
  • Lee, W.-M.; Lemanske, R. F. J.; Evans, M. D.; Vang, F.; Pappas, T.; Gangnon, R.; Jackson, D. J.; Gern, J. E. Human Rhinovirus Species and Season of Infection Determine Illness Severity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 186(9), 886–891. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0330OC.
  • Zhao, M.-C.; Guo, Y.-H.; Qiu, F.-Z.; Wang, L.; Yang, S.; Feng, Z.-S.; Li, G.-X. Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Human Adenovirus Associated with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Hospitalized Children. J. Clin.l Virol. 123, 104254. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104254.
  • Moreira, L. P.; Kamikawa, J.; Watanabe, A. S. A.; Carraro, E.; Leal, E.; Arruda, E.; Granato, C. F. H.; Bellei, N. C. J. Frequency of Human Rhinovirus Species in Outpatient Children with Acute Respiratory Infections at Primary Care Level in Brazil. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2011, 30(7), 612–614. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31820d0de3.
  • Huang, T.; Wang, W.; Bessaud, M.; Ren, P.; Sheng, J.; Yan, H.; Zhang, J.; Lin, X.; Wang, Y.; Delpeyroux, F., et al. Evidence of Recombination and Genetic Diversity in Human Rhinoviruses in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection. PloS. One. 2009, 4(7), e6355. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006355.
  • Bruning, A. H. L.; Thomas, X. V.; van der Linden, L.; Wildenbeest, J. G.; Minnaar, R. P.; Jansen, R. R.; de Jong, M. D.; Sterk, P. J.; van der Schee, M. P.; Wolthers, K. C., et al. Clinical, Virological and Epidemiological Characteristics of Rhinovirus Infections in Early Childhood: A Comparison Between Non-Hospitalised and Hospitalised Children. J. Clini. Virol. 2015, 73, 120–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.024.
  • Zhao, Y.; Shen, J.; Wu, B.; Liu, G.; Lu, R.; Tan, W. Genotypic Diversity and Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus Among Children with Severe Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Shanghai, 2013–2015. Front. Microbiol. 1836, 9. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01836.
  • Chen, W.-J.; Arnold, J. C.; Fairchok, M. P.; Danaher, P. J.; McDonough, E. A.; Blair, P. J.; Garcia, J.; Halsey, E. S.; Schofield, C.; Ottolini, M., et al. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Virologic Characteristics of Human Rhinovirus Infection Among Otherwise Healthy Children and Adults: Rhinovirus Among Adults and Children. J. Clin.l Virol., 64, 74–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.007.
  • Martin, E. K.; Kuypers, J.; Chu, H. Y.; Lacombe, K.; Qin, X.; Strelitz, B.; Bradford, M.; Jones, C.; Klein, E. J.; Englund, J. A. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus Infections in the Pediatric Emergency Department. J. Clin.l Virol. 62, 25–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.006.
  • Hung, H.-M.; Yang, S.-L.; Chen, C.-J.; Chiu, C.-H.; Kuo, C.-Y.; Huang, K.-Y. A.; Lin, T.-Y.; Hsieh, Y.-C.; Gong, Y.-N.; Tsao, K.-C., et al. Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Rhinovirus Infections Among Hospitalized Patients in a Medical Center in Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2019, 52(2), 233–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.009.
  • Zhao, M.; Zhu, W.-J.; Qian, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, R.-N.; Deng, J.; Wang, F.; Ding, Y.-X.; Tian, R.; Liu, C.-H., et al. Association of Different Human Rhinovirus Species with Asthma in Children: A Preliminary Study. Chinese Med. J. 129(13), 1513–1518. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.184463.
  • Linder, J. E.; Kraft, D. C.; Mohamed, Y.; Lu, Z.; Heil, L.; Tollefson, S.; Saville, B. R.; Wright, P. F.; Williams, J. V.; Miller, E. K. Human Rhinovirus C: Age, Season, and Lower Respiratory Illness Over the Past 3 Decades. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 2013, 131(1), 66–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.033.
  • Tapparel, C.; Cordey, S.; Junier, T.; Farinelli, L.; Van Belle, S.; Soccal, P. M.; Aubert, J.-D.; Zdobnov, E.; Kaiser, L.; Vartanian, J.-P. Rhinovirus Genome Variation During Chronic Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. PloS. One. 2011, 6(6), e21163. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021163.
  • Alosaimi, B.; Naeem, A.; Hamed, M. E.; Alkadi, H. S.; Alanazi, T.; Al Rehily, S. S.; Almutairi, A. Z.; Zafar, A. Influenza Co-Infection Associated with Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Virol. J. 2021, 18(1), 127. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01594-0.
  • Wu, A.; Mihaylova, V. T.; Landry, M. L.; Foxman, E. F. Interference Between Rhinovirus and Influenza a Virus: A Clinical Data Analysis and Experimental Infection Study. Lancet. Microbe. 2020, 1(6), e254–e262. DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30114-2.
  • Calderaro, A.; Conto, F. D.; Buttrini, M.; Piccolo, G.; Montecchini, S.; Maccari, C.; Martinelli, M.; Di, A.; Ferraglia, F.; Pinardi, F. et al. Since January 2020 Elsevier Has Created a COVID-19 Resource Centre with Free Information in English and Mandarin on the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 Resource Centre Is Hosted on Elsevier Connect, the Company ’s Public News and Information. 2020, No. January.
  • Hodjat, P.; Christensen, P. A.; Subedi, S.; Bernard, D. W.; Olsen, R. J.; Long, S. W. The Reemergence of Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in Houston, Texas, After Relaxing COVID-19 Restrictions. Microbiol. Spectr. 2021, 9(2), e0043021. DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00430-21.
  • Kiseleva, I.; Ksenafontov, A. COVID-19 Shuts Doors to Flu but Keeps Them Open to Rhinoviruses. Biology. 2021, 10, 8. DOI: 10.3390/biology10080733.
  • Drysdale, S. B.; Mejias, A.; Ramilo, O. Rhinovirus – Not Just the Common Cold. J. Infect. 2017, 74, S41–S46. DOI: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30190-1.
  • Dee, K.; Goldfarb, D. M.; Haney, J.; Amat, J. A. R.; Herder, V.; Stewart, M.; Szemiel, A. M.; Baguelin, M.; Murcia, P. R. Human Rhinovirus Infection Blocks Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication within the Respiratory Epithelium: Implications for COVID-19 Epidemiology. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 224(1), 31–38. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab147.
  • Laurie, K. L.; Rockman, S. Which Influenza Viruses Will Emerge Following the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic? Influenza Other Respir. Virus. 2021, 15(5), 573–576. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12866.
  • Kim, D.; Quinn, J.; Pinsky, B.; Shah, N. H.; Brown, I. Rates of Co-Infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens. JAMA. 2020, 323(20), 2085–2086. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6266.
  • Parums, D. V. Editorial: A Decline in Influenza During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Emergence of Potential Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza Viruses. Med. Sci. Monit. 2021, 27, e934949. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.934949.
  • Holtappels, R.; Simon, C. O.; Munks, M. W.; Thomas, D.; Deegen, P.; Kühnapfel, B.; Däubner, T.; Emde, S. F.; Podlech, J.; Grzimek, N. K. A., et al. Subdominant CD8 T-Cell Epitopes Account for Protection Against Cytomegalovirus Independent of Immunodomination. J. Virol. 2008, 82(12), 5781–5796. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00155-08.
  • Galperin, M.; Farenc, C.; Mukhopadhyay, M.; Jayasinghe, D.; Decroos, A.; Benati, D.; Tan, L. L.; Ciacchi, L.; Reid, H. H.; Rossjohn, J., et al. CD4 + T cell–mediated HLA class II cross-restriction in HIV controllers. Sci. Immunol. 2018, 3(24), 24. DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat0687.
  • Alosaimi, B.; Hamed, M. E.; Naeem, A.; Alsharef, A. A.; AlQahtani, S. Y.; AlDosari, K. M.; Alamri, A. A.; Al-Eisa, K.; Khojah, T.; Assiri, A. M., et al. MERS-CoV Infection is Associated with Downregulation of Genes Encoding Th1 and Th2 Cytokines/Chemokines and Elevated Inflammatory Innate Immune Response in the Lower Respiratory Tract. Cytokine. 2020, 126. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154895.
  • Toussaint, M.; Jackson, D. J.; Swieboda, D.; Guedán, A.; Tsourouktsoglou, T.-D.; Ching, Y. M.; Radermecker, C.; Makrinioti, H.; Aniscenko, J.; Bartlett, N. W., et al. Host DNA Released by NETosis Promotes Rhinovirus-Induced Type-2 Allergic Asthma Exacerbation. Nat. Med. 23(6), 681–691. DOI: 10.1038/nm.4332.
  • Ritchie, A. I.; Farne, H. A.; Singanayagam, A.; Jackson, D. J.; Mallia, P.; Johnston, S. L. Pathogenesis of Viral Infection in Exacerbations of Airway Disease. Annals. ATS. 2015, 12(Suppl 2), S115–32. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201503-151AW.
  • Farne, H. A.; Johnston, S. L. Immune Mechanisms of Respiratory Viral Infections in Asthma. Ind. Engg. Chem. Res. 2017, 48, 31–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.017.
  • Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Li, M.; Knyaz, C.; Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Across Computing Platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35(6), 1547–1549. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy096.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.