Posttraumatic Symptoms and Thought Control Strategies Among Aging Hidden Jewish Children

REFERENCES

• Bennett , S. A. , Beck , J. G. , & Clapp , J. D. ( 2009 ). Understanding the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma cognitions: The impact of thought control strategies . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 47 , 1018 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. , & Valentine , J. D. ( 2000 ). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 , 748 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet , A. , St-Hilaire , A. , Jehel , L. , & King , S. ( 2003 ). Validation of a French version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 48 , 56 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , R. A. , Moulds , M. , & Guthrie , R. M. ( 2001 ). Cognitive strategies and the resolution of acute stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14 , 213 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , E. , Dekel , R. , & Solomon , Z. ( 2002 ). Long-term adjustment and the role of attachment among Holocaust child survivors . Personality and Individual Differences , 33 , 299 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , E. , Dekel , R. , Solomon , Z. , & Lavie , T. ( 2003 ). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and fear of intimacy among treated and non-treated survivors who were children during the Holocaust . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 38 , 611 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. K. ( 2005 ). Child survivors of the Holocaust in Israel: Social dynamics and postwar experiences . Brighton , England : Sussex Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. ( 2005 ). Memory and the self . Journal of Memory and Language , 53 , 594 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamer , M. , Bell , R. , & Failla , S. ( 2003 ). Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 , 1489 – 1496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwork , D. ( 1991 ). Children with a star: Jewish youth in Nazi Europe . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyregrov , A. , Gjestad , R. , & Raundalen , M. ( 2002 ). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 15 , 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyregrov , A. , Gupta , L. , Gjestad , R. , & Mukanoheli , E. ( 2000 ). Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 , 3 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhard , I. M. , Van den Hout , M. A. , & Schouten , E. G. W. ( 2006 ). Neuroticism and low educational level predict the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in women after miscarriage or stillbirth . General Hospital Psychiatry , 28 , 414 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , L. E. , & Levy , B. R. ( 2006 ). Disclosure of Holocaust experiences: Reasons, attributions and health implications . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 25 , 117 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fohn , A. ( 2010 ). Secret et traumatisme: L'expérience des enfants juifs cachés en Belgique [Secret and trauma: The experience of hidden Jewish children in Belgium] . L'autre: Clinique, Culture et Sociétés , 11 , 189 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Fohn , A. , & Heenen-Wolff , S. (2011). The destiny of an unacknowledged trauma: The deferred retroactive effect of après-coup in the hidden Jewish children of wartime Belgium. International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 92, 5–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gampel , Y. ( 2005 ). Ces parents qui vivent à travers moi: Les enfants des guerres [Those parents who live through me: Children of war]. Paris, France: Fayard.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfeld , H. ( 1993 ). The hidden children . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Hogman , F. ( 1988 ). The experience of Catholicism for Jewish children during World War II . Psychoanalytic Review , 75 , 511 – 532 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horowitz , M. , Wilner , N. , & Alvarez , W. ( 1979 ). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 , 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilson , H. A. ( 1992 ). Sequential traumatization in children . Jerusalem , Israel : Magnes Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kestenberg , J. S. ( 1988 ). Child survivors of the Holocaust: Introduction . Psychoanalytic Review , 75 , 495 – 497 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kestenberg , J. S. , & Brenner , I. ( 1996 ). The last witness: The child survivor of the Holocaust . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kimhi , S. , Eshel , Y. , Zysberg , L. , & Hantman , S. ( 2010 ). Sense of danger and family support as mediators of adolescents’ distress and recovery in the aftermath of war . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 15 , 351 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren-Karie , N. , Sagi-Schwartz , A. , & Joels , T. ( 2003 ). Absence of attachment representations (AAR) in the adult years: The emergence of a new AAI classification in catastrophically traumatized Holocaust child survivors . Attachment and Human Development , 5 , 381 – 397 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labouvie-Vief , G. ( 1996 ). Emotion, thought and gender . In C. Magai & S. H. McFadden (Eds.), Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging (pp. 101 – 117 ). San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lis-Turlejska , M. , Luszczynska , A. , Plichta , A. , & Benight , C. C. ( 2008 ). Jewish and non-Jewish World War II child and adolescent survivors 60 years after war: Effects of parental loss and age at exposure on well-being . Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 78 , 369 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie-Beck , J. K. , Liossis , P. , & Gow , K. ( 2008 ). Relationships between psychopathological and demographic variables and posttraumatic growth among Holocaust survivors . Traumatology , 14 , 28 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Maercker , A. ( 2002 ). Life-review technique in the treatment of PTSD in elderly patients: Rationale and three single case studies . Journal of Clinical Geropsychology , 8 , 239 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Mels , C. , Derluyn , I. , Broekaert , E. , & Rosseel , Y. ( 2010 ). Community-based cross-cultural adaptation of mental health measures in emergency settings: Validating the IES-R and HSCL-37A in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 45 , 899 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prot , K. ( 2010 ). Late effects of trauma: PTSD in Holocaust survivors . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 15 , 28 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regambal , M. J. , & Alden , L. E. ( 2009 ). Pathways to intrusive memories in a trauma analogue paradigm: A structural equation model . Depression and Anxiety , 26 , 155 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. , Rapaport-Bar-Sever , M. , & Rapaport , J. ( 1994 ). The present state of people who survived the Holocaust as children . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 89 , 242 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussis , P. , & Wells , A. (2006). Post-traumatic stress symptoms: Tests of relationships with thought control strategies and beliefs as predicted by the metacognitive model. Personality and Individual Differences , 40, 111–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagi-Schwartz , A. , Koren-Karie , N. , & Joels , T. ( 2003 ). Failed mourning in the Adult Attachment Interview: The case of Holocaust child survivors . Attachment and Human Development , 5 , 398 – 408 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaal , S. , & Elbert , T. ( 2006 ). Ten years after the genocide: Trauma confrontation and posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19 , 95 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrira , A. , Palgi , Y. , Ben-Ezra , M. , & Shmotkin , D. ( 2011 ). Functioning and mortality of Holocaust survivors: Physical resilience and psychosocial vulnerabilities . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 16 , 67 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Osborne , A. ( 2009 ). Mental health risk and social ecological variables associated with educational attainment for Gulf War veterans: Implications for veterans returning to civilian life . American Journal of Community Psychology , 44 , 327 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. E. ( 1982 ). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models . In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290 – 312 ). Washington , DC : American Sociological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. ( 2009 ). L'enfant caché, le défi à la Shoah. In I. Emery (Ed.), Histoire et mémoire des Juifs d'Anderlecht: Années 20–40 [History and memory of the Jews from Anderlecht: Years 20–40] (pp. 6–8). Brussels, Belgium: Communauté Française.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg , M. , & Rosenbloom , M. ( 2000 ). Lost childhood—Lessons from the Holocaust: Implications for adult adjustment . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 17 , 5 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Tashakkori , A. , & Teddlie , C. ( 1998 ). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches . Thousands Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Trappler , B. , Braunstein , J. W. , Moskovitz , G. , & Friedman , S. ( 2002 ). Holocaust survivors in a primary care setting: Fifty years later . Psychological Reports , 91 , 545 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Hal-van Raalte , E. , Van IJzendoorn , M. H. , & Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. ( 2007 ). Quality of care after early childhood trauma and well-being in later life: Child Holocaust survivors reaching old age . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 77 , 514 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warda , G. , & Bryant , R. A. ( 1998 ). Thought control strategies in acute stress disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 , 1171 – 1175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , D. S. , & Marmar , C. R. ( 1997 ). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised . In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399 – 411 ). New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , A. , & Davies , M. I. ( 1994 ). The Thought Control Questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 32 , 871 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , Schmeidler , J. , Siever , L. J. , Binder-Brynes , K. , & Elkin , A. ( 1997 ). Individual differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profiles in Holocaust survivors in concentration camps or in hiding . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 , 453 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar