REFERENCES
- Baker , T. ( 1998 ). Doing social research . New York , NY : McGraw-Hill .
- Baron , R. M. , & Kenny , D. A. ( 1986 ). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173 – 1182 .
- Blanchard-Fields , F. ( 2007 ). Everyday problem solving and emotion—An adult developmental perspective . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 16 , 26 – 31 .
- Boelen , P. , Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. , & Zijerveld , A. ( 2006 ). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis . Death Studies , 30 , 767 – 776 .
- Bonanno , G. , & Kaltman , S. ( 2001 ). The varieties of grief experience . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 , 705 – 734 .
- Bornstein , P. E. , Clayton , P. J. , Halikas , J. A. , Maurice , W. L. , & Robins , E. ( 1973 ). The depression of widowhood after thirteen months . British Journal of Psychiatry , 122 , 561 – 566 .
- Castanheira , C. , Vieira , V. , Glória , A. , Afonso , A. , & Rocha , J. ( 2007 ). Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R): Portuguese validation . Opatija , Croatia : European Congress of Traumatic Stress .
- Cherney , P. , & Verhey , M. ( 1996 ). Grief among gay men associated with multiple losses from AIDS . Death Studies , 20 , 115 – 132 .
- Cohen , J. A. , Mannarino , A. P. , Greenberg , T. , Padlo , S. , & Shipley , C. ( 2002 ). Childhood traumatic grief: Concepts and controversies . Trauma, Violence & Abuse , 3 , 307 – 327 .
- Coutinho , J. , Ribeiro , E. , Ferreirinha , R. , & Dias , P. ( 2010 ). Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional com sintomas psicopatológicos . Revista Psiquiatria Clínica , 37 , 145 – 151 .
- Currier , J. , Holland , J. , & Neimeyer , R. A. ( 2006 ). Sense making, grief and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model . Death Studies , 30 , 403 – 428 .
- Ehring , T. , & Quack , D. ( 2010 ). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity . Behavior Therapy , 41 , 587 – 598 .
- Frade , B. ( 2009 ). Validação e adaptação para a Língua Portuguesa do Inventário de Luto Complicado . Unpublished doctoral dissertation .
- Gratz , K. , & Roemer , L. ( 2004 ). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 26 , 41 – 54 .
- Green , B. L. ( 2000 ). Traumatic loss: Conceptual and empirical links between trauma and bereavement . Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss , 5 , 1 – 17 .
- Greenberg , L. ( 2002 ). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
- Kaltman , S. , & Bonanno , G. ( 2003 ). Trauma and bereavement: Examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths . Anxiety Disorders , 17 , 131 – 147 .
- Kersting , A. , Brahler , E. , Glaesmer , H. , & Wagner , B. ( 2011 ). Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample . Journal of Affective Disorders , 131 , 339 – 343 .
- Kristensen , P. , Weisaeth , L. , & Heir , T. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: A population study two years after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Death Studies , 34, 137–150.
- Macdonald , A. , Danielson , C. , Resnick , H. , Saunders , B. , & Kilpatrick , D. ( 2010 ). PTSD and comorbid disorders in a representative sample of adolescents: The risk associated with multiple exposures to potentially traumatic events . Child Abuse & Neglect , 34 , 773 – 783 .
- Maercker , A. , Bonanno , G. , Znoj , H. , & Horowitz , M. ( 1998 ). Prediction of complicated grief by positive and negative themes in narratives . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 54 , 1117 – 1136 .
- Maia , A. , & Resende , C. ( 2008 ). Dados de exposição potencialmente traumática na população Portuguesa utilizando as Versão Portuguesas do Life Events Checklist e o Life Stressor Checklist–Revised . Braga , Portugal : Psiquilibrios Edições .
- Masters , R. , Friedman , L. N. , & Getzel , G. ( 1988 ). Helping families of homicide victims: A multidimensional approach . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 1 , 109 – 125 .
- Mercer , D. , & Evans , J. ( 2006 ). The impact of multiple losses on the grieving process: An exploratory study . Journal of Loss & Trauma , 11 , 219 – 227 .
- Neria , Y. , & Litz , B. T. ( 2004 ). Bereavement by traumatic means: The complex synergy of trauma and grief . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 9 , 67 – 73 .
- Newson , R. , Boelen , P. , Hek , K. , Hofman , A. , & Tiemeier , H. ( 2011 ). The prevalence and characteristics of complicated grief in older adults . Journal of Affective Disorders , 132 , 231 – 238 .
- Parkes , C. M. ( 2002 ). Grief: Lessons from the past, visions for the future . Death Studies , 26 , 367 – 385 .
- Pivar , I. , & Field , N. ( 2004 ). Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD . Anxiety Disorders , 18 , 745 – 755 .
- Prigerson , H. , Frank , E. , Kasl , S. , Reynolds , C. , Anderson , M. , Zubenko , G. , … Kupfer , D. ( 1995 ). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 , 22 – 30 .
- Prigerson , H. G. , Horowitz , M. J. , Jacobs , S. C. , Parkes , C. M. , Aslan , M. , Goodkin , K. , … Maciejewski , P. ( 2009 ). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11 . PLoS Medicine , 6 , 100 – 121 .
- Prigerson , H. , Maciejewski , P. , Reynolds , C. , Bierhals , A. , Newsome , J. , Fasiczkaa , A. , … Miller , M. ( 1995 ). Inventory of Complicated Grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss . Psychiatry Research , 59 , 65 – 79 .
- Riley , L. , LaMontagne , L. , Hepworth , J. , & Murphy , B. ( 2007 ). Parental grief responses and personal growth following the death of a child . Death Studies , 31 , 277 – 299 .
- Salovey , P. , Mayer , J. D. , Goldman , S. L. , Turvey , C. , & Palfai , T. P. ( 1995 ). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale . In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 125 – 154 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
- Sanders , C. M. ( 1993 ). Risk factors in bereavement outcome . In M. S. Stroebe , W. Stroebe , & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 255 – 267 ). New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Scheibe , S. , & Blanchard-Fields , F. (2009). Effects of regulating emotions on cognitive performance: What is costly for young adults is not so costly for older adults. Psychology and Aging , 24, 217–223.
- Scheibe , S. , & Carstensen , L. L. ( 2010 ). Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 65B , 135 – 144 .
- Silva , T. ( 2010 ). Luto Complicado e Regulação Emocional em Doentes Psiquiátricos . Unpublished doctoral dissertation .
- Stroebe , M. , & Schut , H. ( 2001 ). Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review . In M. Stroebe , R. Hansson , W. Stroebe & M. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping and care (pp. 63 – 88 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
- Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. , & Stroebe , W. ( 2007 ). Health outcomes of bereavement . Lancet , 370 , 1960 – 1973 .
- Tull , M. , Barrett , H. , McMillan , E. , & Roemer , L. ( 2007 ). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms . Behavior Therapy , 38 , 303 – 313 .
- Vanderwerker , L. C. , Jacobs , S. C. , Murray-Parkes , C. , & Prigerson , H. G. ( 2006 ). An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later life . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 194 , 121 – 123 .
- Weiss , D. S. , & Marmar , C. R. ( 1997 ). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised . In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner's handbook (pp. 399 – 411 ). New York , NY : Guilford Press .
- Znoj , H. , & Keller , D. ( 2002 ). Mourning parents: Considering safeguards and their relation to health . Death Studies , 26 , 545 – 565 .