Publication Cover
Journal of Loss and Trauma
International Perspectives on Stress & Coping
Volume 21, 2016 - Issue 6
811
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Temporal Relations of PTSD Symptoms Among Treatment-Seeking Victims of Sexual Assault: A Longitudinal Study

, , , , &
Pages 492-506 | Received 03 Jul 2015, Accepted 24 Sep 2015, Published online: 30 Mar 2016

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Bach, M. (2003). En empirisk belysning og analyse af “Emotionel Numbing” som eventuel selvstændig faktor i PTSD. [An empirical illumination and analysis of emotional numbing as an independent factor in PTSD]. Psykologisk studieskriftserie, 6, 1–19.
  • Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., … Silove, D. (2015). Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 417–423. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145516
  • Christiansen, D. M., & Elklit, A. (2012). Sex differences in PTSD. In A. Lazinica & E. Ovuga (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder in a global context (pp. 113–142). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech Open Access Book.
  • Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. London, UK: Guilford Press.
  • Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
  • Coronas, R., Gallardo, O., Moreno, M. J., Suarez, D., Garcia-Pares, G., & Menchon, J. M. (2011). Heart rate measured in the acute aftermath of trauma can predict post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective study in motor vehicle accident survivors. European Psychiatry, 26, 508–512. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.06.006
  • Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & Pattison, P. (1992). Reaction to trauma: A cognitive processing model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 452–459. doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.452
  • Elklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221
  • Elklit, A., & Shevlin, M. (2007). The structure of PTSD symptoms: A test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 299–313. doi:10.1348/014466506x171540
  • Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2008). The impact of misspecifying class-specific residual variances in growth mixture models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15, 75–95. doi:10.1080/10705510701758281
  • Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., & Gershuny, B. A. (1995). Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116–120. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.1.116
  • Horowitz, M. J. (2001). Stress response syndromes (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
  • Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, R. T., Zimering, R. T., & Bender, M. E. (1985). A behavioral approach to assessing and treating PTSD in Vietnam veterans. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 257–294). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Marshall, G. M., Schell, T. L., Glynn, S. M., & Shetty, V. (2006). The role of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress following injury. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 624–628. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.624
  • Mayer, L. S., & Carrol, S. S. (1987). Testing for lagged, cotemporal and total dependence in cross-lagged panel analysis. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 187–217. doi:10.1177/0049124187016002001
  • Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116. doi:10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
  • Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2013). Mplus user guide. Version 7. Los Angeles, CA: Statmodel.
  • O’Donnell, M. L., Elliott, P., Lau, W., & Creamer, M. (2007). PTSD symptom trajectories: From early to chronic response. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 45, 601–606. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.015
  • Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147
  • Schell, T. L., Marshall, G. N., & Jaycox, L. H. (2004). All symptoms are not created equal: The prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 189–197. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.2.189
  • Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., & Elklit, A. (2014). Different profiles of acute stress disorder differentially predict posttraumatic stress disorder in a large sample of female victims of sexual trauma. Psychological Assessment, 26, 1155–1161. doi:10.1037/a0037272
  • Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with non-normal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30, 165–200. doi:10.1111/0081-1750.00078
  • Yufik, T., & Simms, L. J. (2010). A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 764–776. doi:10.1037/a0020981

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.