References
- American Psychiatric Association Division of Research. (2013). Highlights of changes from DSM-iv to DSM-5: Somatic symptom and related disorders. Focus, 11(4), 525–527.
- Briere, J. N. (1992). Child abuse trauma: Theory and treatment of the lasting effects. Sage.
- Briere, J., Scott, C., & Weathers, F. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2295–2301.
- Bruce, A. S., Ray, W. J., Bruce, J. M., Arnett, P. A., & Carlson, R. A. (2007a). The relationship between executive functioning and dissociation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(6), 626–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390600878901
- Bruce, A. S., Ray, W. J., & Carlson, R. A. (2007b). Understanding cognitive failures: What’s dissociation got to do with it? The American Journal of Psychology, 120(4), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445425
- Byrne, B. M. (2012). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Černis, E., Evans, R., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. (2021). Dissociation in relation to other mental health conditions: An exploration using network analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 460–467.
- Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 536–546.
- Courtois, C. A. (1988). Healing the incest wound: Adult survivors in therapy. W. W. Norton.
- Dalenberg, C., & Carlson, E. (2010). New versions of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: The DES-R (revised) and the DES-B (brief) [Paper presentation]. At the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, Quebec.
- Dalenberg, C., & Carlson, E. B. (2012). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder part 2: How theoretical models fit the empirical evidence and recommendations for modifying the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(6), 551–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027900
- Ellickson-Larew, S., Stasik-O'Brien, S. M., Stanton, K., & Watson, D. (2020). Dissociation as a multidimensional transdiagnostic symptom. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(2), 126.
- Elzinga, B. M., Ardon, A. M., Heijnis, M. K., de Ruiter, M. B., Van Dyck, R., & Veltman, D. J. (2007). Neural correlates of enhanced working-memory performance in dissociative disorder: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 235–245.
- Fleming, C. J. E., & Resick, P. A. (2016). Predicting three types of dissociation in female survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation : The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 17(3), 267–285.
- Freyd, J. J., Martorello, S. R., Alvarado, J. S., Hayes, A. E., & Christman, J. C. (1998). Cognitive environments and dissociative tendencies: Performance on the standard Stroop task for high versus low dissociators. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(7), S91–S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199812)12:7<S91::AID-ACP599>3.0.CO;2-Z
- Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Merckelbach, H. (2008). Cognitive processes in dissociation: an analysis of core theoretical assumptions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 617–647.
- Giesbrecht, T., Merckelbach, H., Kater, M., & Sluis, A. F. (2007). Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: The joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(10), 812–818.
- Granqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van Ijzendoorn, M., & Duschinsky, R. (2017). Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attachment & human development, 19(6), 534–558.
- Greeson, J. K. P., Briggs, E. C., Kisiel, C. L., Layne, C. M., Ake, G. S., Ko, S. J., Gerrity, E. T., Steinberg, A. M., Howard, M. L., Pynoos, R. S., & Fairbank, J. A. (2011). Complex trauma and mental health in children and adolescents placed in foster care. Child Welfare, 90(6), 91–108.
- Guralnik, O., Giesbrecht, T., Knutelska, M., Sirroff, B., & Simeon, D. (2007). Cognitive functioning in Depersonalization Disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 12, 983–988.
- Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., & Simeon, D. (2000). Feeling unreal: Cognitive processes in depersonalization. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 103–109.
- Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305
- Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2018). Adult executive functioning inventory (ADEXI): Validity, reliability, and relations to ADHD. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27(1), e1567. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1567
- Hulette, A. C., Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2011). Intergenerational Associations Between Trauma and Dissociation. Journal of Family Violence, 26(3), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-9357-5
- Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Cloitre, M., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation : The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 21(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113
- Janet, P. (1920). The major symptoms of hysteria: Fifteen lectures given in the medical school of Harvard University. Macmillan (Original work published 1907).
- Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., & McGoldrick, T. (2010). Posttraumatic symptomatology and dissociation in outpatients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation : The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 11(1), 83–92.
- Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Maercker, A., Kazlauskas, E., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., & Brewin, C. R. (2017). PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup7), 1418103.
- Kate, M. A., Jamieson, G., Dorahy, M. J., & Middleton, W. (2021). Measuring dissociative symptoms and experiences in an Australian college sample using a short version of the multidimensional inventory of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1792024
- Kira, I. A. (2001). Taxonomy of trauma and trauma assessment. Traumatology, 7(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/153476560100700202
- Kira, I. A. (2021). The development-based taxonomy of stressors and traumas: An initial empirical validation. Psychology, 12(10), 1575–1614. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.1210099
- Kira, I. A. (2022). Taxonomy of Stressors and Traumas: An Update of The Development-Based Trauma Framework (DBTF): A life-Course perspective on Stress and Trauma. Traumatology, 28(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000305
- Kira, I. A., Aljakoub, J., Al Ibraheem, B., & Shuwiekh, H. (in press). The effects of Type III traumatic stressors of the protracted conflict and prolonged COVID-19 on Syrians internally displaced:A validation study of type III continuous traumatic stressors and their impact. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation.
- Kira, I. A., Al-Noor, T. H., Al-bayaty, Y. W., Shuwiekh, H., Ashby, J. S., & Jamil, H. (2022a). Intersected discrimination through the lens of COVID-19: The case example of Christian minority in Iraq. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 92(3), 371–388.
- Kira, I. A., Ashby, J. S., Lewandowski, L., Alawneh, A. W. N., Mohanesh, J., & Odenat, L. (2013). Advances in continuous traumatic stress theory: Traumatogenic dynamics and consequences of intergroup conflict: The Palestinian adolescents' case. Psychology, 04(04), 396–409. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.44057
- Kira, I. A., Laddis, A., & Shweikh, H. (2022b). Development and validation of a brief measure of pathological dissociation: Laddis/Kira Pathological Dissociation Scale: Initial Psychometrics," A preprint posted to Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1771383/v1
- Kira, I. A., Lewandowski, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., & Mohanesh, J. (2008). Measuring cumulative trauma dose, types, and profiles using a development-based taxonomy of traumas. Traumatology, 14(2), 62–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765608319324
- Kira, I. A., Omidy, A. Z., Fawzi, M., Rice, K. G., Fawzi, M., Lewandowski, L., & Bujold-Bugeaud, M. (2015). Are the negative mental health effects of gender discrimination (GD) salient across cultures? Does self-esteem mediate these effects: GD as continuous traumatic stress and the pathways to its negative dynamics? Psychology, 06(01), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.61009
- Kira, I. A., Rihan Ibrahim, E. S., Shuwiekh, H. A., & Ashby, J. S. (2021). Does Intersected Discrimination Underlie the Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity on Minorities? An Example from Jordan. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(5), 395–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.1992224
- Kirino, E. (2006). P300 is attenuated during dissociative episodes. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000198145.18457.28
- Kisiel, C. L., & Lyons, J. S. (2001). Dissociation as a mediator of psychopathology among sexually abused children and adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(7), 1034–1039.
- Lanius, R., Frewen, P., Vermetten, E., & Yehuda, R. (2010). Fear conditioning and early life vulnerabilities: two distinct pathways of emotional dysregulation and brain dysfunction in PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1(1), 5467. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5467
- Macfie, J., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2001). The development of dissociation in maltreated preschool-aged children. Development and Psychopathology, 13(2), 233–254.
- Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., & Rassin, E. (1999). Fantasy proneness and cognitive failures as correlates of dissociative experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(5), 961–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00193-7
- Monroe, S. M. (2008). Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141207
- Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Murphy, J., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2017). A cross-lagged panel study of dissociation and posttraumatic stress in a treatment-seeking sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1370–1381. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22439
- Murray, J., Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., Murray, J., Ay, M., Ehlers, A., & Mayou, R. A. (2002). Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 180, 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22439
- Papageorgiou, K. A., Malanchini, M., Denovan, A., Clough, P. J., Shakeshaft, N., Schofield, K., & Kovas, Y. (2018). Longitudinal associations between narcissism, mental toughness and school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.024
- Patihis, L., & Lynn, S. J. (2017). Psychometric comparison of Dissociative Experiences Scales II and C: A weak trauma‐dissociation link. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(4), 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3337
- Piper, A., & Merskey, H. (2004). The persistence of folly: A critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(9), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900904
- Pope, H. G., Poliakoff, M. B., Parker, M. P., Boynes, M., & Hudson, J. I. (2007). Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature. Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 225–233.
- Putnam, F. W. (1991). Dissociative phenomena. In A. Tasman & S. M. Goldfinger (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry (Vol. 10, pp. 145–160). American Psychiatric Association.
- Putnam, H. (1985). Philosophical papers, vol. 3: Realism and reason. Revue Philosophique de la France Et de l, 175(3).
- Rossini, E. D., Schwartz, D. R., & Braun, B. G. (1996). Intellectual functioning of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Cognitive and neuropsychological aspects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(5), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199605000-00004
- Snyder, H. R., Friedman, N. P., & Hankin, B. L. (2021). Associations between task performance and self-report measures of cognitive control: Shared versus distinct abilities. Assessment, 28(4), 1080–1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120965694
- Spiegel, D. (1986). Dissociating damage. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 29(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1986.10402695
- Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardeña, E., & Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 824–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20874.
- Spiegel, D., & Cardeña, E. (1990). Dissociative mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. E. Wolf & A. D. Mosnaim (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, phenomenology, and treatment (pp. 23–34). American Psychiatric Association.
- Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and connectivity. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 17(10), 652–666.
- Terr, L. C. (1995). Childhood traumas. Psychotraumatology, 301–320.
- Van Der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R., & Steele, K. (2005). Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 413–423.
- Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., Byrne, S., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., & Hyland, P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: the factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557.
- Van der Kolk, B. A. (1987). Psychological Trauma. American Psychiatric Press.
- Van der Kolk, B. A., & Van der Hart, O. (1989). Pierre Janet and the Breakdown of Adaptation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(12), 1S30–31S40.
- Van der Kolk, B. A., Brown, P., & Van der Hart, O. (1989). Pierre Janet on post-traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490020403
- Werner, K. B., & Griffin, M. G. (2012). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation as predictors of PTSD symptoms in a female cohort. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21725
- Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. Jr, (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
- Wright, D. B., & Osborne, J. E. (2005). Dissociation, cognitive failures, and working memory. The American Journal of Psychology, 118(1), 103–113.