Out-of-Control Sexual Behavior as a Symptom of Insecure Attachment in Men

REFERENCES

• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Babcock, J. C., Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., & Yerington, T. P. (2000). Attachment, emotional regulation, and the function of marital violence: Differences between secure, preoccupied, and dismissing violent and nonviolent husbands. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 391–409. doi:10.1023/A:1007558330501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone, L. (2003). Developmental protective and risk factors in borderline personality disorder: A study using the Adult Attachment Interview. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 64–77. doi:10.1080/1461673031000078634
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barth, R. J., & Kinder, B. N. (1987). The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13(1), 15–23. doi:10.1080/00926238708403875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 7, 147–178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert, F., & Sadava, S. (2002). Adult attachment and sexual behavior. Personal Relationships, 9, 191–204. doi:10.1111/pere.2002.9.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home life. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25(19–52), 107–127.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carnes, P. J. (1983). Out of the shadows: Understanding sexual addiction. Minneapolis, MN: Compcare.
   Google Scholar
• Carnes, P. J. (1991). Don’t call it love: Recovery from sexual addiction. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carnes, P. J., Delmonico, D. L., Griffin, E., & Moriarity, J. M. (2001). In the shadows of the Net: Breaking free of compulsive online sexual behavior. Center City, MN: Hazelton.
   Google Scholar
• Ciesla, J. A., Roberts, J. E., & Hewitt, R. G. (2004). Adult attachment and high-risk sexual behavior among HIV-positive patients. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 108–124. doi:10.1111/jasp.2004.34.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hilllsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cole-Detke, H., & Kobak, R. (1996). Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 282–290. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E. (1990). The obsessive-compulsive model for describing compulsive sexual behavior. American Journal of Preventative Psychiatry & Neurology, 2, 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Crowell, J. A., & Treboux, D. (1995). A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development, 4, 294–327. doi:10.1111/sode.1995.4.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., & Vernon, M. L. (2004). Attachment style and subjective motivations for sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1076–1090. doi:10.1177/0146167204264794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmonico, D. L. (2001). Altering the Bible: Changing the diagnostic and statistics manual. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 8(3–4), 185–186. doi:10.1080/107201601753459892
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, D., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Clarkin, J. F., & Levy, K. N. (2003). Patient–therapist attachment in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67, 227–259. doi:10.1521/bumc.67.3.227.23433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier, M., & Tyrrell, C. (1997). The role of attachment in therapeutic relationships. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (221–248). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Eagle, M. (2007). Attachment and sexuality. In D. Diamond, S. J. Blatt, & J. D. Lictenberg (Eds.), Attachment and sexuality (pp. 27–50). New York, NY: The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Estellon, V., & Mouras, H. (2011). Sexual addiction: Insight from psychoanalysis and functional neuroimaging. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 2, 11814. doi:10.3402/snp.v2i0.11814
   Google Scholar
• Feeney, J. A., Kelly, L., Gallois, C., Peterson, C., & Terry, D. J. (1999). Attachment style, assertive communication, and safer-sex behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1964–1983. doi:10.1111/jasp.1999.29.issue-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281–291. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, P. (2004). Addiction as an attachment disorder. New York, NY: Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Other Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., … Gerber, A (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22–31. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosha, D. (2000). The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fosha, D., Siegel, D. J., & Solomon, M. (2009). The healing powers of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development and clinical practice. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350–365. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentzler, A. L., & Kerns, K. A. (2004). Associations between insecure attachment and sexual experiences. Personal Relationships, 11, 249–265. doi:10.1111/pere.2004.11.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliland, R., Star, J. B., Hansen, B., & Carpenter, B. (2014). Relational attachments in a sample of hypersexual patients. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 20, 192–209. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2014.958787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, A. (1998). Sexual addiction: An integrated approach. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin-Shelley, E., Benjamin, L., & Benjamin, R. (1995). Sex addiction and dissociation. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 2, 295–306. doi:10.1080/10720169508400090
   Google Scholar
• Hazan, C., Zeifman, D., & Middleton, K. (1994, July). Adult romantic attachment, affection, and sex. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Personal Relationships, Groningen, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. (2011). Hold me tight: Your guide to the most successful approach to building romantic relationships. London, UK: Piatkus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kafka, M. P. (2009). Hypersexual disorder: A proposed diagnosis for the DSM V. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2, 377–400.
   Google Scholar
• Karen, R. (1994). Becoming attached: First relationships and how they shape our capacity to love. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katehakis, A. (2009). Affective neuroscience and the treatment of sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 16(1), 1–31. doi:10.1080/10720160802708966
   Google Scholar
• Klein, R. (1995). Intrapsychic structures. In J. Masterson & R. Klein (Eds.), Disorders of the self: New therapeutic horizons. The Masterson approach (pp. 45–68). New York, NY: Brunner Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Krafft-Ebbing, R. V. (1886). Psychopathia sexualis. Philadelphia, PA: Davis.
   Google Scholar
• Långström, N., & Hanson, R. K. (2006). High rates of sexual behavior in the general population: Correlates and predictors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(1), 37–52. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-8993-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley, D. (2012). The myth of sexual addiction. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Manassis, K., Bradley, S., Goldberg, S., Hood, J., & Swinson, R. P. (1994). Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1106–1113. doi:10.1097/00004583-199410000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masterson, F. J. (1990). The search for the real self: Unmasking the personality disorders of our age. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masterson, F. J., & Klein, R. (1995). Disorders of the self: New therapeutic horizons: The Masterson approach. Levittown, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Masterson, F. J., & Lieberman, R. A. (2004). A therapist’s guide to the personality disorders: The Masterson approach. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker and Theisen.
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). A behavioral systems perspective on the psychodynamics of attachment and sexuality. In D. Diamond, S. J. Blatt, & J. D. Lictenberg (Eds.), Attachment and sexuality (pp. 51–78). New York, NY: The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. P. (1997). Shame: The underside of narcissism. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, T. H. (1989). The primitive edge of experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, M., Hobson, R. P., Castle, D., Howard, R., & Maughan, B. (1994). Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 375–388. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self-report method. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 224–239). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Ragan, P. W., & Martin, P. R. (2000). The psychobiology of sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 7, 161–175. doi:10.1080/10720160008400216
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R. C. (2010). Differentiating emotions in a sample of men in treatment for hypersexual behavior. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 10, 197–213. doi:10.1080/15332561003769369
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R. C., Garos, S., & Carpenter, B. N. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory in an outpatient sample of men. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18, 30–51. doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.555709
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R. C., & Kafka, M. P. (2014). Controversies about hypersexual disorder and the DSM–5. Current Sexual Health Reports, 6, 259–264. doi:10.1007/s11930-014-0031-9
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstein, D. S., & Horowitz, H. A. (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 244–253. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachner, D. A., & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Attachment dimensions and sexual motives. Personal Relationships, 11, 179–195. doi:10.1111/pere.2004.11.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schore, A. N., & Schore, J. A. (2007). Modern attachment theory: The central role of affect theory in development and treatment. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 9–20. doi:10.1007/s10615-007-0111-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, A. (2000). The development and organization of attachment: Implications for psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1147–1174. doi:10.1177/00030651000480042301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalker, C. A., & Davies, F. (1995). Attachment organization and adaptation in sexually-abused women. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., Anthony, D. T., Schneier, F. R., Fallon, B. A., Liebowitz, M. R., & Klein, D. F. (1992). Serotonergic medications for sexual obsessions, sexual addictions, and paraphilias. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Cloitre, M. (2003). Reorganization of unresolved childhood traumatic memories following exposure therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 297–299. doi:10.1196/annals.1301.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Cloitre, M. (2006). Unresolved attachment, PTSD, and dissociation in women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(2):219–28. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, J. L., Shaver, P. R., Albino, A. W., & Cooper, M. L. (2003). Attachment styles and adolescent sexuality. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romance and sexual behavior: Theory, research and practical implications (pp. 137–159). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Wallin, D. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Wallin, D. (2012, October 5). We are the tools of our trade: How the therapist’s own attachment patterns shape therapy [Workshop]. New York, NY: R. Cassidy Seminars.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, A., Ramsay, R., Turnbull, S., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Treasure, J. (2001). Attachment in anorexia nervosa: A transgenerational perspective. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 497–505. doi:10.1348/000711201161145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR) short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 187–204. doi:10.1080/00223890701268041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wines, D. (1997). Exploring the applicability of criteria for substance dependence to sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 4, 195–220. doi:10.1080/10720169708404228
   Google Scholar
• Zapf, J. L., Greiner, J., & Carroll, J. (2008). Attachment styles and male sex addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15, 158–175. doi:10.1080/10720160802035832
   Google Scholar
• Zeijmans Van Emmichoven, I. A., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., de Ruiter, C., & Brosschot, J. F. (2003). Selective processing of threatening information: Effects of attachment representation and anxiety disorder on attention and memory. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 219–237. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar