208
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents

, PhDORCID Icon & , MA
Pages 3-23 | Received 26 Sep 2022, Accepted 03 Dec 2022, Published online: 28 Dec 2022

References

  • Alkire, M. T., Hudetz, A. G., & Tononi, G. (2008). Consciousness and Anesthesia. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 322(5903), 876–880. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149213
  • Angarita, G. A., Emadi, N., Hodges, S., & Morgan, P. T. (2016). Sleep abnormalities associated with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opiate use: A comprehensive review. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 11(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-016-0056-7
  • Ara, A., Jacobs, W., Bhat, I. A., & McCall, W. V. (2016). Sleep disturbances and substance use disorders: A bi-directional relationship. Psychiatric Annals, 46(7), 408–412. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20160512-01
  • Barbanoj, M., Riba, J., Clos, S., Giménez, S., Grasa, E., & Romero, S. (2008). Daytime Ayahuasca administration modulates REM and slow-wave sleep in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 196(2), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0963-0
  • Bonnet, U., & Preuss, U. (2017). The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: Current insights. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 9–37. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S109576
  • Branstetter, S., Horton, W., Mercincavage, M., & Buxton, O. (2016). Severity of nicotine addiction and disruptions in sleep mediated by early awakenings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(12), 2252–2259. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw179
  • Brick, J., & Erickson, C. (2013). Drugs, the brain and behavior. Routledge.
  • Brooks, A. T., & Wallen, G. R. (2014). Sleep disturbances in individuals with alcohol-related disorders: A review of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and associated non-pharmacological therapies. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 2014(2014), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.4137/SART.S18446
  • Buckheit, K., Nolan, J., Possemato, K., Maisto, S., Rosenblum, A., Acosta, M., & Marsch, L. A. (2022). Insomnia predicts treatment engagement and symptom change: A secondary analysis of a web-based CBT intervention for veterans with PTSD symptoms and hazardous alcohol use. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 12(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab118
  • Cascade, E., & Kalali, A. (2008). Use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety. Psychiatry, 5(9), 21–22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687085/
  • Caviness, C., & Anderson, B. (2018). Impact of nicotine and other stimulants on sleep in young adults. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 13(3), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000481
  • Chan, J., Trinder, J., Andrews, H., Colrain, I., & Nichols, C. (2013). The acute effects of alcohol on sleep architecture in late adolescence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(10), 1720–1728. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12141
  • Church, M., Maurer, M., Simons, F., Bindslev‐Jensen, C., van Cauwenberge, P., Bousquet, J., Holgate, S., & Zuberbier, T. (2010). Risk of first‐generation H1‐antihistamines: A GA2LEN position paper. Allergy, 65(4), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02325.x
  • Colvonen, P. J., Ellison, J., Haller, M., & Norman, S. B. (2019). Examining insomnia andPTSD over time in veterans in residential treatment for substance use disorders and PTSD. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 17(4), 524–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1425869
  • Contet, C., Kieffer, B., & Befort, K. (2004). Mu opioid receptor: A gateway to drug addiction. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 14(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.005
  • Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 11(1), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2762
  • Dimsdale, J., Norman, D., DeJardin, D., & Wallace, M. (2007). The effect of opioids on sleep architecture. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(1), 33–36. https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/pdf/10.5664/jcsm.26742
  • Doran, C., & Aschengrau, A. (2022). Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water and sleep quality in adulthood: A retrospective cohort study. Environmental Health, 21(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00819-7
  • Dorland, W. (2019). Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary. Elsevier.
  • Drake, C., Roehrs, T., Shambroom, J., & Roth, T. (2013). Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(11), 1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3170
  • Drapeau, C. W., & Nadorff, M. R. (2017). Suicidality in sleep disorders: Prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 213–226.
  • Dumay, N., & Gaskell, M. G. (2005). Do words go to sleep? Exploring consolidation of spoken forms through direct and indirect measures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(1), 69–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05270024
  • Dziegielewski, S. (2005). Understanding substance addictions. Lyceum Books.
  • Ebrahim, I., Shapiro, C., Williams, A., & Fenwick, P. (2013). Alcohol and sleep I: Effects on normal sleep. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(4), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12006
  • Everson, C. (1993). Sustained sleep deprivation impairs host defence. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 265(5), R1148–R1154. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.R1148
  • Everson, C., & Szabo, A. (2009). Recurrent restriction of sleep and inadequate recuperation induce both adaptive changes and pathological outcomes. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 297(5), R1430–R1440. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00230.2009
  • Feinberg, I., & Campbell, I. (1993). Ketamine administration during waking increases delta EEG intensity in rat sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.1993.41
  • Golan, D., Tashjian, A., & Armstrong, E. (2016). Principles of pharmacology: The pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy (4th) ed.). Lippicott, Williams and Wilkins.
  • Goldstein, E., & Cacciamani, L. (2021). Sensation and perception (11th) ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Grella, S., Funka, D., Coena, K., Li, A., & Lêa, A. (2014). Role of the kappa-opioid receptor system in stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 265, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.029
  • Hancock, S., & McKim, W. (2018). Drugs and behaviour: An introduction to behavioral pharmacology (8th) ed.). Pearson.
  • Hasler, B., Smith, L., Cousins, J., & Bootzins, R. (2012). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and substance abuse. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.004
  • He, S., Hasler, B., & Chakravorty, S. (2019). Alcohol and sleep-related problems. Current Opinion in Psychology, 30, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.03.007
  • Hejja, P., & Galloon, S. (1975). A consideration of ketamine dreams. Canadian Anesthesia Society Journal, 22(1), 100–105. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03004825
  • Herrmann, E., Johnson, P., Bruner, N., Vandrey, R., & Johnson, M. (2017). Morning administration of oral methamphetamine dose-dependently disrupts nighttime sleep in recreational stimulant users. Drug and Alcohol Dependency, 178, 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.013
  • Hsu, W., Chiu, N., Liu, J., Wang, C., Chang, T., Liao, Y., & Kuo, P. (2012). Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 24(6), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00628.x
  • Hurley, T. A., & Taber, K. H. (2015). Occupational exposure to solvents: Neuropsychiatric and Imaging Features. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.270101
  • Irwin, M., Bjurstrom, M., & Olmstead, R. (2016). Polysomnographic measures of sleep in cocaine dependence and alcohol dependence: Implications for age-related loss of slow wave, Stage 3 sleep. Addiction, 111(6), 1084–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13300
  • Kales, A., Bixler, E., Vela‐Bueno, A., Soldatos, C., & Manfredi, R. (1987). Alprazolam: Effects on sleep and withdrawal phenomena. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 27(7), 508–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb03058.x
  • Katzung, B. (2020). Basic & clinical pharmacology (15th) ed.). McGraw Hill Lange.
  • Kenney, S., LaBrie, J., Hummer, J., & Pham, A. (2012). Global sleep quality as a moderator of alcohol consumption and consequences in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.006
  • Kesner, A., & Lovinger, D. M. (2020). Cannabinoids, Endocannabinoids and Sleep. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 13, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2020.00125
  • Kocherlakota, P. (2014). Neonatal abstinence syndrome. Pediatrics, 134(2), e547–e561. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3524
  • Lafaye, G., Desterke, C., Marulaz, L., & Benyamina, A. (2018). Cannabidiol affects circadian clock core complex and its regulation in microglia cells. Addiction Biology, 24(5), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12660
  • Lalanne, L., Ayranci, G., Kieffer, B., & Lutz, P. (2014). The kappa opioid receptor: From addiction to depression, and back. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00170
  • Liao, Y., Tang, J., Liu, T., Chen, X., Luo, T., & Hao, W. (2011). Sleeping problems among Chinese heroin-dependent individuals. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(3), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.535580
  • Li, W., Ma, L., Yang, G., & Gan, W.-B. (2017). REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning. Nature Neuroscience, 20(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4479
  • Llewellyn, S. (2013). Such stuff as dreams are made on? Elaborative encoding, the ancient art of memory, and the hippocampus. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(6), 589–607. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12003135
  • Magnée, E. H. B., De Weert-van Oene, G. H., Wijdeveld, T. A. G. M., Coenen, A. M. L., & de Jong, C. A. J. (2015). Sleep disturbances are associated with reduced health-related quality of life in patients with substance use disorders. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(6), 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12243
  • Mathes, J., Schredl, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2014). Frequency of typical dream themes in most recent dreams: An online study. Dreaming, 24(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035857
  • McCann, U., Sgambati, F., Schwartz, A., & Ricaurte, G. (2009). Sleep apnea in young abstinent recreational MDMA (“ecstasy”) consumers. Neurology, 73(23), 2011–2017. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c51a62
  • McHugh, H., M.-c, C., C, A. N., Hilario, E. Y., Weiss, R. D., & Hien, D. A. (2014). Changes in sleep disruption in the treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: Sleep disruption in treatment for PTSD and SUDS. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21878
  • McNamara, P. (2019). The neuroscience of sleep and dreams. Cambridge Fundamentals of Neuroscience in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316817094
  • Mechoulan, R., & Parker, L. (2013). The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143739
  • Mitchell, H. A., & Weinshenker, D. (2010). Good night and good luck: Norepinephrine in sleep pharmacology. Biochemical Pharmacology, 79(6), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.004
  • Monti, J. M., & Monti, D. (2007). The involvement of dopamine in the modulation of sleep and waking. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2006.08.003
  • Morgan, P., & Malison, R. (2007). Cocaine and sleep: Early abstinence. Scientific World Journal, 7, 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.209
  • Nakajima, S., Gerretsen, P., Takeuchi, H., Caravaggio, F., Chow, T., Le Foll, B., & Graff Guerrero, A. (2013). The potential role of dopamine D3 receptor neurotransmission in cognition. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(8), 799–813.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2008). Brain pathways are affected by drugs of abuse. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/addiction-science/why-do-people-abuse-drugs/brain-pathways-are-affected-by-drugs-abuse
  • Neale, J., Diana Strekalova, K., Meadows, R., & Nettleton, S. (2019). “I don’t stress about it like I used to”: Perceptions of non-problematic sleep amongst people in residential treatment for substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Use, 24(4), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2019.1595196
  • Neale, J., Meadows, R., Nettleton, S., Panebianco, D., Strang, J., Vitoratou, S., & Marsden, J. (2017). Substance use, sleep and intervention design: Insights from qualitative data. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1417560
  • Nu-Pharm. (2009). Product monograph: Nu-Zopiclone. Nu Pharma Inc.
  • Pagel, J. F., & Parnes, B. L. (2001). Medications for the treatment of sleep disorders: An overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(3), 118–125. https://www.psychiatrist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/25094_medications-treatment-sleep-disorders-overview.pdf
  • Park, S. Y., Oh, M. K., Lee, B. S., Kim, H. G., Lee, W. J., Lee, J. H., Lim, J. H., & Kim, J. Y. (2015). The effects of alcohol on quality of sleep. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 36(6), 294. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.294
  • Passie, T., Halpern, J., Stichtenoth, D., Emrich, H., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: A review. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 4(4), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059
  • Pellissier, L., Pujol, C., Becker J., & Le Merrer J. (2018). Delta opioid receptors: Learning and Motivation. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 247, 227–260. PMID: 28035528, https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_89
  • Pilozzi, T., Carro, C., & Huang, X. (2020). Roles of β-Endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010338
  • Prospéro-García, A.-B., Becerril Meléndez, O., L, A., Ruiz-Contreras, A. E., & Méndez-Díaz, M. (2016). Endocannabinoids and sleep. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.005
  • Raman-Wilms, L. (2014). Canadian pharmacists association guide to drugs in Canada (4th ed.). Dorling Kindersley.
  • Rao, R., & Tripathi, R. (2022). Stimulants and sleep. In R. Gupta, D. N. Neubauer, & S. R. Pandi-Perumal (Eds.), Sleep and neuropsychiatric disorders (pp. 811–833). Springer.
  • Reinoso-Suarez, F., De Andres, I., Rodrigo-Angulo, M. L., De la Roza, C., Nunez, A., & Garzon, M. (1999). The anatomy of dreaming and REM sleep. European Journal of Anatomy, 3(3), 163–175. https://eurjanat.com/v1/journal/paper.php?id=99030163
  • Roth, T., Hartse, K., Saab, P., Piccione, P., & Kramer, M. (1980). The effects of flurazepam, lorazepam, and triazolam on sleep and memory. Psychopharmacology, 70(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00427879
  • Rué-Queralt, J., Stevner, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., Kringelbach, M. L., Deco, G., & Atasoy, S. (2021). Decoding brain states on the intrinsic manifold of human brain dynamics across wakefulness and sleep. Communications Biology, 4(1), 854. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02369-7
  • Sabanaygam, C., & Shankar, A. (2011). The association between active smoking, smokeless tobacco, second-hand smoke exposure and insufficient sleep. Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.002
  • Sangal, R., Owens, J., Allen, A., Sutton, V., Schuh, K., & Kelsey, D. (2006). Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on sleep in children with ADHD. Sleep, 29(12), 1573–1585. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.12.1573
  • Sanofi-Aventis. (2018). Imovane (Zopiclone). http://products.sanofi.ca/en/imovane.pdf
  • Sateia, M. J. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: Highlights and modifications. Chest, 146(5), 1387–1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-0970
  • Sawai, H., Matsumoto, M., & Koyama, E., “The relationship between each length of REM - NREM sleep cycle and sleep stage,” 2021 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech), 2021, pp. 171–172, https://doi.org/10.1109/LifeTech52111.2021.9391838.
  • Scammell, Arrigoni, E., & Lipton, J. O. (2017). Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron (Cambridge, Mass.), 93(4), 747–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014
  • Schick, M. R., Slavish, D. C., Dietch, J. R., Witcraft, S. M., Simmons, R. O., Taylor, D. J., & Wilkerson, A. K. (2022). A preliminary investigation of the role of intraindividual sleep variability in substance use treatment outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 131, 107315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107315
  • Schierenbeck, T., Riemann, D., Berger, M., & Hornyak, M. (2008). Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: Cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(5), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.12.004
  • Schwenk, E., Viscusi, E., Buvanendran, A., Hurley, R., Wasan, A., Narouze, S., Bhatia, A., Davis, F., Hooten, W., & Cohen, S. (2018). Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for acute pain management from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Ppain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, 43(5), 456–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806
  • Sekkal, S., Casas, L., Haddam, N., Bouhacina, L., Scheers, H., Taleb, A., & Nemery, B. (2016). Sleep disturbances and neurotoxicity in workers exposed to hydrocarbons. An observational study from Algeria. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 59(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22561
  • Sharma, M., Goyal, D., Achuth, P., & Acharya, U. R. (2018). An accurate sleep stages classification system using a new class of optimally time-frequency localized three-band wavelet filter bank. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 98, 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.04.025
  • Sisman, F., Basakci, D., & Ergun, A. (2021). The relationship between insomnia and trait anger and anger expression among adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 34(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12294
  • Steiger, A. (2010). Sleep cycle. Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0879
  • Stowie, A., Prosser, R., & Glass, J. (2015). Cocaine modulation of the mammalian circadian clock: Potential therapeutic targets. Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Diseases, 2, e607. https://doi.org/10.14800/ttnd.607
  • van Schrojenstein Lantman, M., Roth, T., Roehrs, T., & Verster, J. (2017). Alcohol hangover, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Sleep and Vigilance, 1(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-017-0008-7
  • Viaene, M., Vermeir, G., & Godderis, L. (2008). Sleep disturbances and occupational exposure to solvents. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.003
  • Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron, 44(1), 121–133.
  • Wang, D., & Teichtahl, H. (2007). Opioids, sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Medicine Review, 11(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.006
  • Wang, Q., Yue, X., Qu, W., Tan, R., Zheng, P., Urade, Y., & Huang, Z. L. (2013). Morphine inhibits sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area via mu receptors and induces wakefulness in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(5), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.244
  • Wilkerson, A., Simmons, R. O., Sahlem, G. L., Taylor, D. J., Smith, J. P., Book, S. W., & McRae‐Clark, A. L. (2021). Sleep and substance use disorder treatment: A preliminary study of subjective and objective assessment of sleep during an intensive outpatient program. The American Journal on Addictions, 30(5), 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13194
  • Xu, Z., Zhu, Y., Zhao, H., Guo, F., Wang, H., & Zheng, M. (2022). Sleep stage classification based on multi-centers: comparison between different ages. Mental Health Conditions and Acquisition Devices. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 995–1007. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S355702
  • Yu, -C. K.-C. (2014). Toward 100% dream retrieval by rapid-eye-movement sleep awakening: A high-density electroencephalographic study. Dreaming, 24(1), 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035792
  • Yu, C. K. (2015). One hundred typical themes in most recent dreams, diary dreams, and dreams spontaneously recollected from last night. Dreaming, 25(3), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039225
  • Yu, C. K. (2016). We dream typical themes every single night. Dreaming, 26(4), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000037
  • Zehral, A., Burns, J., Liu, C., Manza, P., Wiers, C., Volkow, N., & Wang, G. (2018). Cannabis addiction and the brain: A review. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.