Racial differences in adherence and response to combined treatment for full and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders: A secondary analysis

References

• Adams, R. E., & Boscarino, J. A. (2005). Differences in mental health outcomes among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics following a community disaster. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 68(3), 250–265. doi:10.1521/psyc.2005.68.3.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ayalon, L., Areán, P. A., & Alvidrez, J. (2005). Adherence to antidepressant medications in black and Latino elderly patients. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7), 572–580. doi:10.1097/00019442-200507000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger, G. A. (2004). Using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 127–150. doi:10.1177/1094428104263672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 979–986. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.7.979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a US national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36(1), 57–68. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N. (2009). The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 198–210. doi:10.1177/1524838009334448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buodo, G., Novara, C., Ghisi, M., & Palomba, D. (2012). Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in victims of occupational accidents. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, 1–8. Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Publishing. doi:10.1155/2012/184572
   Google Scholar
• Burroughs, V. J., Maxey, R. W., & Levy, R. A. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in response to medicines: Towards individualized pharmaceutical treatment. Journal of the National Medical Association, 94(10 Suppl), 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, M. M., Mitchell, F. E., & Sbrocco, T. (2012). Treating ethnic minority adults with anxiety disorders: Current status and future recommendations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(4), 488–501. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chartier, K., & Caetano, R. (2010). Ethnicity and health disparities in alcohol research. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 33(1–2), 152–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhry, I. B., Neelam, K., Duddu, V., & Husain, N. (2008). Ethnicity and psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 673–680. doi:10.1177/0269881107082105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, L. A., Gonzales, J. J., Gallo, J. J., Rost, K. M., Meredith, L. S., Rubenstein, L. V, … Ford, D. E. (2003). The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and White primary care patients. Medical Care, 41(4), 479–489. doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000053228.58042.e4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsetti, S. A., Resnick, H. S., Resick, P. A., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1993). The Modified PTSD Symptom Scale: A brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Therapist, 16, 161.
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition with psychotic screen. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Yusko, D. A., McLean, C. P., Suvak, M. K., Bux, D. A. J., Oslin, D., … Volpicelli, J. (2013). Concurrent naltrexone and prolonged exposure therapy for patients with comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD: A randomized clinical trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(5), 488–495. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafoori, B., Barragan, B., Tohidian, N., & Palinkas, L. (2012). Racial and ethnic differences in symptom severity of PTSD, GAD, and depression in trauma-exposed, urban, treatment-seeking adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 106–110. doi:10.1002/jts.21663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11, 330–341. doi:10.1177/1073191104269954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubaugh, A. L., Magruder, K. M., Waldrop, A. E., Elhai, J. D., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2005). Subthreshold PTSD in primary care: Prevalence, psychiatric disorders, healthcare use, and functional status. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(10), 658–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Khachikian, T., Amaro, H., & Vega, W. A. (2013). Disparities in Latino substance use, service use, and treatment: Implications for culturally and evidence-based interventions under health care reform. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(3), 805–813. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, E., & Liu, G. G. (2005). Racial disparities in prescription drug use for mental illness among population in U.S. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8(3), 131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, S. L., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (2007). Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: A review of the research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40 (3–4), 313–332. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9134-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien, D. A., Levin, F. R., Ruglass, L. M., Lopez-Castro, T., Papini, S., Hu, M. C., & Cohen, L. R. (2015). Enhancing the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD and alcohol use disorders with antidepressant medication: A randomized clinical trial. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 146, e142. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.303
   Google Scholar
• Himle, J. A., Baser, R. E., Taylor, R. J., Campbell, R. D., & Jackson, J. S. (2009). Anxiety disorders among African Americans, blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 578–590. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., … Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1), 8–19. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesser, I. M., Castro, D. B., Gaynes, B. N., Gonzalez, J., Rush, A. J., Alpert, J. E., … Wisniewski, S. R. (2007). Ethnicity/race and outcome in the treatment of depression: Results from STAR* D. Medical Care, 45(11), 1043–1051. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181271462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesser, I. M., Myers, H. F., Lin, K. M., Mira, C. B., Joseph, N. T., Olmos, N. T., … Poland, R. E. (2010). Ethnic differences in antidepressant response: A prospective multi-site clinical trial. Depression and Anxiety, 27(1), 56–62. doi:10.1002/da.20619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesser, I. M., Zisook, S., Gaynes, B. N., Wisniewski, S. R., Luther, J. F., Fava, M., … Trivedi, M. (2011). Effects of race and ethnicity on depression treatment outcomes: The CO-MED trial. Psychiatric Services, 62(10), 1167–1179. doi:10.1176/ps.62.10.pss6210_1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado-Vieira, R., Baumann, J., Wheeler-Castillo, C., Latov, D., Henter, I. D., Salvadore, G., & Zarate, C. A. (2010). The timing of antidepressant effects: A comparison of diverse pharmacological and somatic treatments. Pharmaceuticals, 3(1), 19–41. doi:10.3390/ph3010019
   Google Scholar
• Marciniak, M. D., Lage, M. J., Dunayevich, E., Russell, J. M., Bowman, L., Landbloom, R. P., & Levine, L. R. (2005). The cost of treating anxiety: The medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 178–184. doi:10.1002/da.20074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern, M. P., Lambert‐Harris, C., Xie, H., Meier, A., McLeman, B., & Saunders, E. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of treatments for co‐occurring substance use disorders and PTSD. Addiction, 110, 1194–1204. [ Advance online publication.] doi:10.1111/add.12943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Back, S. E., Brady, K. T., Baker, A. L., Hopwood, S., … Ewer, P. L. (2012). Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(7), 690–699. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, E., Hou, L., Maher, B. S., Woldehawariat, G., Kassem, L., Akula, N., … McMahon, F. J. (2013). Race, genetic ancestry and response to antidepressant treatment for major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(13), 2598–2606. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, E., & McMahon, F. J. (2013). Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics in diverse human populations. Discovery Medicine, 16(87), 113–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. M., & Hien, D. (2013). Helping vulnerable populations: A comprehensive review of the treatment outcome literature on substance use disorder and PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 433–479. doi:10.1002/jclp.21980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neighbors, H. W., Caldwell, C., Williams, D. R., Nesse, R., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., … Jackson, J. S. (2007). Race, ethnicity, and the use of services for mental disorders: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(4), 485–494. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perilla, J. L., Norris, F. H., & Lavizzo, E. A. (2002). Ethnicity, culture, and disaster response: Identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 20–45. doi:10.1521/jscp.21.1.20.22404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis, I., Ralevski, E., & Olivera-Figueroa, L. A. (2014). PTSD and comorbid AUD: A review of pharmacological and alternative treatment options. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 5, 25–36. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruglass, L. M., Lopez-Castro, T., Cheref, S., Papini, S., & Hien, D. A. (2014). At the crossroads: The intersection of substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 1–9. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0505-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saloner, B., & Cook, B. L. (2013). Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than Whites to complete addiction treatment, largely due to socioeconomic factors. Health Affairs, 32(1), 135–145. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneier, F. R., Neria, Y., Pavlicova, M., Hembree, E., Suh, E. J., Amsel, L., & Marshall, R. D. (2012). Combined prolonged exposure therapy and paroxetine for PTSD related to the World Trade Center attack: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(1), 80–88. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvin, S. (2004). Statistical analysis of epidemiologic data. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2012). Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: Comorbidity and treatment considerations. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34(4), 414–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1995). Alcohol timeline followback users’ manual. Toronto, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Results from the 2012 national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings, NSDUH series H-46, HHS publication No. (SMA) 13–4795. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, R. J., & Avison, W. R. (2003). Status variations in stress exposure: Implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 488–505. doi:10.2307/1519795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 132–156. doi:10.1002/da.1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Gonzalez, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 305–315. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witbrodt, J., Mulia, N., Zemore, S. E., & Kerr, W. C. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in alcohol‐related problems: Differences by gender and level of heavy drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(6), 1662–1670. doi:10.1111/acer.12398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C.-H., Erickson, S. R., Piette, J. D., & Balkrishnan, R. (2012). The association of race, comorbid anxiety, and antidepressant adherence among Medicaid enrollees with major depressive disorder. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 8(3), 193–205. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K.-Y. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics, 42(1), 121–130. doi:10.2307/2531248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeger, S. L., Liang, K. Y., & Albert, P. S. (1988). Models for longitudinal data: A generalized estimating equation approach. Biometrics, 44(4), 1049–1060. doi:10.2307/2531734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar