Perceived discrimination among racial and ethnic minority drug users and the association with health care utilization

References

• Ahern, J., Stuber, J., & Galea, S. (2007). Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2–3), 188–196. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas, S. J., Grant, R. W., Ferris, T. G., Chang, Y., & Barry, M. J. (2009). Patient-physician connectedness and quality of primary care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(5), 325–335. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-5-200903030-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(6), 555–570. doi:10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, J., & Lurie, N. (2004). R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. The Journal of Family Practice, 53(9), 721–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrell, L. N., Jacobs, D. R., Williams, D. R., Pletcher, M. J., Houston, T. K., & Kiefe, C. I. (2007). Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the Coronary artery risk development in adults study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(9), 1068–1079. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, D. J., Ding, Y., Hargreaves, M., van Ryn, M., & Phelan, S. (2008). The association between perceived discrimination and underutilization of needed medical and mental health care in a multi-ethnic community sample. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 19(3), 894–911. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2001). Soft tissue infections among injection drug users–San Francisco, California, 1996–2000. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(19), 381–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, I.-M., Huang, C. L.-C., Yeh, B.-J., & Chien, Y.-L. (2015). Health service utilization of heroin abusers: A retrospective cohort study. Addictive Behaviors, 45, 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitwood, D. D., McBride, D. C., French, M. T., & Comerford, M. (1999). Health care need and utilization: A preliminary comparison of injection drug users, other illicit drug users, and nonusers. Substance Use & Misuse, 34(4–5), 727–746. doi:10.3109/10826089909037240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlin, T., & Shang, B. (2011). New York Medicaid beneficiaries with mental health and substance abuse conditions. Retrieved from http://www.integration.samhsa.gov/pbhci-learning-community/NHSA_-_New_York_Medicaid_Costs_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crouter, A. C., Davis, K. D., Updegraff, K., Delgado, M., & Fortner, M. (2006). Mexican American fathers’ occupational conditions: Links to family members’ psychological adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(4), 843–858. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00299.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., Perlis, T., Hagan, H., Abdul-Quader, A., Heckathorn, D. D., … Friedman, S. R. (2007). Convergence of HIV seroprevalence among injecting and non-injecting drug users in New York City: A new stage in a very large HIV epidemic. AIDS, 21, 231–235. doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3280114a15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais, D. C., Bramson, H. A., Wong, C., Gostnell, K., Cepeda, J., Arasteh, K., & Hagan, H. (2012). Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among people who inject drugs: An international systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 107(12), 2087–2095. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04027.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, M. C., Garfein, R. S., Monterroso, E., Brown, D., Huang, H., Park, M., & Vlahov, D. (1996). Younger age of initiating injectiong drug use is associated with risky behaviors and HIV infection in short-term injectors. Vancouver, CA.
   Google Scholar
• French, M. T., McGeary, K. A., Chitwood, D. D., & McCoy, C. B. (2000). Chronic illicit drug use, health services utilization and the cost of medical care. Social Science & Medicine, 50(12), 1703–1713. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00411-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee, G. C., Delva, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007). Relationships between self-reported unfair treatment and prescription medication use, illicit drug use, and alcohol dependence among Filipino Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 933–940. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011). Structural racism and health inequities. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8(1), 115–132. doi:10.1017/S1742058x11000130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, H. I., Frazier, E. L., Rhodes, P., Holtgrave, D. R., Furlow-Parmley, C., Tang, T., … Skarbinski, J. (2013). Differences in human immunodeficiency virus care and treatment among subpopulations in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(14), 1337–1344. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd, N. M., Varner, F. A., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2014). Does perceived racial discrimination predict changes in psychological distress and substance use over time? An examination among Black emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 50(7), 1910–1918. doi:10.1037/a0036438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Kagee, A., Toefy, Y., Jooste, S., Cain, D., & Cherry, C. (2006). Associations of poverty, substance use, and HIV transmission risk behaviors in three South African communities. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7), 1641–1649. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), 208–230. doi:10.2307/2676349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996). The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(1), 17–31. doi:10.1037/h0080151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 29(2), 295–352. doi:10.2190/m11w-vwxe-kqm9-g97q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N., Smith, K., Naishadham, D., Hartman, C., & Barbeau, E. M. (2005). Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Social Science & Medicine, 61(7), 1576–1596. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrew, J. M., DeFriese, G. H., Carey, T. S., Ricketts, T. C., & Biddle, A. K. (1996). The effects of having a regular doctor on access to primary care. Medical Care, 34(2), 138–151. doi:10.1097/00005650-199602000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (2000). Racial discrimination and cigarette smoking among Blacks: Findings from two studies. Ethnicity & Disease, 10(2), 195–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaVeist, T. A., Nickerson, K. J., & Bowie, J. V. (2000). Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Medical Care Research and Review: MCRR, 57(Suppl 1), 146–161. doi:10.1177/1077558700574007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., Ayers, S. L., & Kronenfeld, J. J. (2009). The association between perceived provider discrimination, healthcare utilization and health status in racial and ethnic minorities. Ethnicity & Disease, 19(3), 330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillie-Blanton, M., Brodie, M., Rowland, D., Altman, D., & McIntosh, M. (2000). Race, ethnicity, and the health care system: public perceptions and experiences. Medical Care Research and Review: MCRR, 57(Suppl 1), 218–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, G. M., Atta, M. G., Fine, D. M., McFall, A. M., Estrella, M. M., Zook, K., & Stein, J. H. (2016). HIV, Cocaine use, and Hepatitis C Virus: A triad of nontraditional risk factors for subclinical cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 36(10), 2100–2107. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malat, J., & van Ryn, M. (2005). African-American preference for same-race healthcare providers: The role of healthcare discrimination. Ethnicity & Disease, 15(4), 740–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini, M. A., Salas-Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2015). Drug use and service utilization among Hispanics in the United States. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(11), 1679–1689. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1111-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeary, K. A., & French, M. T. (2000). Illicit drug use and emergency room utilization. Health Services Research, 35(1 Pt 1), 153–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, N. S., Sheppard, L. M., Colenda, C. C., & Magen, J. (2001). Why physicians are unprepared to treat patients who have alcohol- and drug-related disorders. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 76(5), 410–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minior, T., Galea, S., Stuber, J., Ahern, J., & Ompad, D. (2003). Racial differences in discrimination experiences and responses among minority substance users. Ethnicity & Disease, 13(4), 521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. doi:10.1037/a0016059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2013). 50 Years After the March on Washington, Many Racial Divides Remain. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/50-years-after-the-march-on-washington-many-racial-divides-remain/raceinamerica_05a/
   Google Scholar
• Piette, J. D., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Schillinger, D. (2006). Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes patients’ health status. Patient Education and Counseling, 60(1), 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, K., Chartier, K. G., Greer, T. L., Walker, R., Carmody, T., Rethorst, C. D., … Trivedi, M. H. (2015). Comorbidities and race/ethnicity among adults with stimulant use disorders in residential treatment. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 14(1), 79–95. doi:10.1080/15332640.2014.961109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavers, V. L., Fagan, P., Jones, D., Klein, W. M. P., Boyington, J., Moten, C., & Rorie, E. (2012). The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 953–966. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sizemore, J. M., Sanders, W. M., Lackey, P. C., Ennis, D. M., & Hook, E. W. (2003). Comparison of STD burden and risk among men with and without regular doctors attending a southern urban STD clinic. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(6), 512–515. doi:10.1097/00007435-200306000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorkin, D. H., Ngo-Metzger, Q., & De Alba, I. (2010). Racial/ethnic discrimination in health care: impact on perceived quality of care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(5), 390–396. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1257-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen, P. R., McNeilly, M., Anderson, N., & Sherwood, A. (2003). Effects of perceived racism and anger inhibition on ambulatory blood pressure in African Americans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(5), 746–750. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000079380.95903.78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. D. (1999). Medical consequences of substance abuse. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(2), 351–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, T. R., Williams, C. D., Makambi, K. H., Mouton, C., Harrell, J. P., Cozier, Y., … Adams-Campbell, L. L. (2007). Racial discrimination and breast cancer incidence in US Black women: The Black Women’s Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(1), 46–54. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houtven, C. H., Voils, C. I., Oddone, E. Z., Weinfurt, K. P., Friedman, J. Y., Schulman, K. A., & Bosworth, H. B. (2005). Perceived discrimination and reported delay of pharmacy prescriptions and medical tests. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(7), 578–583. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0123.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, E. R., Pratt, L. A., Schoenborn, C. A., & Druss, B. G. (2016). Excess mortality among people who report lifetime use of illegal drugs in the United States: A 20-year follow-up of a nationally representative survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 171, 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, L. R. (2008). A Best Practices Guide to Intersectional Approaches in Psychological Research. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 454–463. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9504-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20–47. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, I. H., Ragland, D. R., Greiner, B. A., & Fisher, J. M. (1999). Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators: Findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Public Health Reports, 114(5), 448–458. doi:10.1093/phr/114.5.448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M., Stuber, J., Ahern, J., & Galea, S. (2005). Interpersonal discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(3), 371–391. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar