Psychological Contracts, Perceived Organizational and Supervisor Support: Investigating the Impact on Intent to Leave Among Hospitality Employees in India

REFERENCES

• Aselage, J., & Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: A theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 497–509. doi:10.1002/job.211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashir, S., & Nasir, M. (2013). Breach of psychological contract, organizational cynicism, and union commitment: A study of hospitality industry in Pakistan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 61–65. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, P. (2008). Trends in the Indian hospitality industry. Retrieved from http://edissertations.nottingham.ac.uk/1892/1/08_MSc_lixpb9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Blomme, R.J., van Rheede, A., & Tromp, D.M. (2010). The use of psychological contract to explain turnover intentions in the hospitality industry: A research study on the impact of gender on the turnover intentions of highly educated employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 144–162. doi:10.1080/09585190903466954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K.A. 1989. A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17, 303–316. doi:10.1177/0049124189017003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmeli, A., Weisberg, J. (2006). Exploring turnover intentions among three professional groups of employees. Human Resource Development Journal, 9, 191–206. doi:10.1080/13678860600616305
   Google Scholar
• Chan, S., & Jepsen, D.M. (2011). Workplace relationships. Attitudes, and organizational justice: A hospitality shift worker contextual perspective. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 10, 150–168. doi:10.1080/15332845.2011.536939
   Google Scholar
• Chandrashekaran, M., McNeilly, K., Russ, F.A., & Marinova, D. (2000). From uncertain intentions to actual behavior: A threshold model of whether and when salespeople quit. Journal of Marketing Research, 37, 463–479. doi:10.1509/jmkr.37.4.463.18793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Johanson, M.M., & Guchait, P. (2009). Employees intent to leave: A comparison of determinants of intent to leave versus intent to stay. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 374–381. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, I.H., Lo, T.W., Sha, Z., & Hong, J. (2006). The impact of developmental experience, empowerment, and organizational support on catering service staff performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25, 478–495. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Collins, M.D. (2010). The effect of psychological contract fulfillment on manager turnover intentions and its role as a mediator in a casual, limited-service restaurant environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 736–742. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, J.L., & Tuttle, J.F. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 11, 55–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Conway, N. (2005). Exchange relationships: Examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 774–781. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the psychological contract for the employment relationship: A large scale survey. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 903–930. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawley, D., Houghton, J.D., & Bucklew, N.S. (2010). Perceived organizational support and turnover intention: The mediating effects of personal sacrifice and job fit. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150, 238–257. doi:10.1080/00224540903365463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, R.B., & Condly, S.J. (2007). Employee turnover in the hospitality industry: An analysis based on the CANE Model of Motivation. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 6, 1–22. doi:10.1300/J171v06n01_01
   Google Scholar
• Dulac, T., Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.-M., Henderson, D.J., & Wayne, S.J. (2008). Not all responses to breach are the same: the interconnections of social exchange and psychological contract processes in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 1079–1098. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D. & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 42–51. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 51–59. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 200–507. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vanderberghe, C., Sucharski, I., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565–573. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D., (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzoli, G., Mancer, M., & Park, Y. (2010). The role and effect of job satisfaction and empowerment on customers’ perception of service quality: A study in the restaurant industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34, 56–77. doi:10.1177/1096348009344235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178. doi:10.2307/2092623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzo, R.A., & Noonan, K.A. (1994). Human resource practices as communications and the psychological contract. Human Resource Management, 33, 447–462. doi:10.1002/hrm.3930330311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A., & Elron, E. (1994). Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 617–626. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J.F. Jr., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Heskett, J.L., Sasser, W.E., & Schlesinger, L.A. (1997). The service profit chain: How leading companies link profit and growth to loyalty, satisfaction, and value. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkin, T.R., & Tracey, J.B. (2000). The cost of turnover: Putting a price on the learning curve. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41, 14–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hui, C., Lee, C., & Rousseau, D.M. (2004). Psychological contract and organizational citizenship behavior in China: Investigating generalizability and instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 311–321. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison, S. (1997). A path model of perceived organizational support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 159–174.
   Google Scholar
• Igharia, M., & Greenhaus, J.H. (1992). Determinants of MIS employees’ turnover intentions: A structural equation model. Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 35, 34–49. doi:10.1145/129630.129631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indian Economy Overview. (2012). Retrieved July 11, 2012 from http://www.ibef.org/india-at-a-glance/India-diverse-democratic-dynamic/indian-economy-overview.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Iverson, R.D., & Deery, M. (1997). Turnover culture in the hospitality industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 7, 71–83. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.1997.tb00290.x
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, J.M., Opland, R.A., & Ryan, M. (2010). Psychological contracts and counterproductive work behaviors: Employee responses to transactional and relational breach. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 555–568. doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9148-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson, M.M., & Cho, S. (2009). Uncovering the link between organizational behaviors and employment status in the U.S. hotel industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 8, 184–198.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 627–647. doi:10.1002/job.207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatepe, O.M. (2012a). Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and performance outcomes: A study of hotel employees in Cameroon. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24, 735–752. doi:10.1108/09596111211237273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatepe, O.M. (2012b). The effects of coworker and perceived organizational support on hotel employee outcomes: The moderating role of job embeddedness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36, 495–516. doi:10.1177/1096348011413592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri, N., Fern, C.T., & Budhwar, P. (2001). Explaining employee turnover in an Asian context. Human Resource Management Journal, 11, 54–74. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2001.tb00032.x
   Google Scholar
• Kickul, J., Lester, S.W., & Belgio, E. (2004). Attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of psychological contract breach. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4, 229–252. doi:10.1177/1470595804044751
   Google Scholar
• Kiewitz, C., Restubog, S.D., Zagenczyk, T., & Hochwarter, W. (2009). The interactive effects of psychological contract breach and organizational politics on perceived organizational support: Evidence from two longitudinal studies. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 806–834. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00816.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B., Lee, G., & Carlson, K.D. (2010). An examination of the nature of the relationship between leader-member-exchange (LMX) and turnover intent at different organizational levels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 591–597. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., & Jogaratnam, G. (2010). Effects of individual and organizational factors on job satisfaction and intent to stay in the hotel and restaurant industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 9, 318–339. doi:10.1080/15332845.2010.487043
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., O’Neill, J.W., & Jeong, S. (2004). The relationship among leader-member exchange, perceived organizational support, and trust in hotel organizations. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 2, 59–70. doi:10.1300/J171v03n01_06
   Google Scholar
• Kottke, J.L., & Sharafinski, C.E. (1988). Measuring perceive supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1075–1079. doi:10.1177/0013164488484024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, S.J. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 801–815. doi:10.2307/1556411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 370–390. doi:10.2307/2391032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi, R., Hang-yue, N., & Foley, S. (2006). Linking employees’ justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 101120. doi:10.1348/096317905X39657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum, L., Kervin, J., Clark, K., Reid, F., & Wendy, C. (1998). Explaining nursing turnover intent: Job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, or organizational commitment? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 305–320. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3%3c305::AID-JOB843%3e3.0.CO;2-N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNeil, I.R. (1985). Relational contract: What we do and do not know. Wisconsin Law Review, 4, 483–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertz Jr., C., Griffeth, R.W., Campbell, N.S., & Allen, D.G. (2007). The effects of perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support on employee turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 1059–1075. doi:10.1002/job.472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1997). A longitudinal analysis of the early development and consequences of organizational commitment. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 19, 199–215. doi:10.1037/h0080013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millward, L., & Hopkins, L.J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational, and job commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1530–1556. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorman, R.H., Blakely, G.L., & Niehoff, B.P. (1998). Does perceived organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior? Academy of Management Journal, 41, 351–357. doi:10.2307/256913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, E.W., & Robinson, S.L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, 22, 226–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nadiri, H., & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, A., Thanacoody, R., & Hui, W. (2012). The effects of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support, and intra-organizational network resources on turnover intentions. Personnel Review, 41, 56–72. doi:10.1108/00483481211189947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, T.W. H., Feldman, D.C., & Lam, S.S. K. (2010). Psychological contract breaches, organizational commitment, and innovation-related behaviors: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 744–751. doi:10.1037/a0018804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panwar, S., Dalal, J.S., & Kaushik, A.K. (2012). High staff turnover in hotel industry, due to low remunerations and extended working hours. VSRD International Journal of Business & Management Research, 2, 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Pathak, R.D., Budhwar, P.S., Singh, V., & Hannas, P. (2005). Best HRM practices and employees psychological outcomes: A study of shipping companies in Cyprus. South Asian Journal of Management, 12, 7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D.L. 1991. Measurement and control of response bias. In J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver & L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measurement of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 17–59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J.L., Sommer, S.M., Morris, A., & Frideger, M. (1992). A Configurational Approach to Interpersonal Relations: Profiles of Workplace Social Relations and Task Interdependence. University of California, Irvine Working Paper No. GSM #OB92015.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, N.P., LePine, J.A., & LePine, M.A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 438–454. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, L.N., & Reynolds, D. (2010). The effect of supervisor-subordinate language similarity on subordinates’ perceived organizational support in the U.S. lodging industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 9, 92–102.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698–714. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137–152. doi:10.2307/256773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 2, 121–139. doi:10.1007/BF01384942
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 389–400. doi:10.1002/job.4030110506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D.M. 2000. Psychological contract inventory: Technical report (Tech. Rep. No. 2). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University.
   Google Scholar
• Sanjeev, G.M. (2007). Measuring efficiency of the hotel and restaurant sector: The case of India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19, 378387. doi:10.1108/09596110710757543
   Google Scholar
• Shahid, A. (2008). India's Best Colleges. Retrieved July 11, 2012 from www.livemint.com/2008/06/12000007/India8217s-Best-Colleges.html
   Google Scholar
• Shore, L.M., & Tetrick, L.E. (1994). The psychological contract as an explanatory framework in the employment relationship. In C. Cooper & D. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (pp. 91–109). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Shore, L.M., & Wayne, S.J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 774–780. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, R.R. (1994). Human resource management's role in clarifying the new psychological contract. Human Resource Management, 33, 373–382. doi:10.1002/hrm.3930330306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sok, J., Blomme, R., & Tromp, D. (2013). The use of the psychological contract to explain self-perceived employability. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 274–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, R.P., & Ovalle, N.K. (1984). A review and meta-analysis of research on the relationship between behavioral intentions and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 673–686. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.4.673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner, J.S., & Gallagher, V.C. (2010). Who cares? The role of job involvement in psychological contract violation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 1490–1514. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00626.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner, J.S., Gallagher, V.C., & Stoner, C.R. (2011). The interactive effects of emotional family support and perceived supervisor loyalty on the psychological contract breach-turnover relationship. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23, 124–143.
   Google Scholar
• Suazo, M.M., & Turnley, W.H. (2010). Perceived organizational support as a mediator of the relations between individual differences and psychological contract breach. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 620–648. doi:10.1108/02683941011056969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susskind, A.M., Borchgrevink, C.P., Brymer, R.A., & Kacmar, K.M. (2000). Customer service behavior and attitudes among hotel managers: A look at perceived support functions, standards for service, and service process outcomes. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 24, 373–397. doi:10.1177/109634800002400305
   Google Scholar
• Susskind, A.M., Borchgrevink, C.P., Kacmar, K.M., & Brymer, R.A. (2000). Customer service employees’ behavioral intentions and attitudes: An examination of construct validity and a path model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19, 53–77. doi:10.1016/S0278-4319(99)00030-4
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, B.L., Delcampo, R.G., & Blancero, D.M. (2009). Work-family conflict/facilitation and the role of workplace supports of U.S. Hispanic professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 643–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekleab, A.G., Takeuchi, R., & Taylor, M.S. (2005). Extending the chain of relationships among organizational justice, social exchange, and employees reactions: The role of contract violations. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 146–157. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2005.15993162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourism and Hospitality. (2012). Retrieved July 11, 2012 from http://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?in=74&art_id=31534&cat_id=120&page=1
   Google Scholar
• Turnley, W.H., Bolino, M.C., Lester, S.W., & Bloodgood, J.M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29, 187–206. doi:10.1177/014920630302900204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: Unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 25–42. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1%3c25::AID-JOB2%3e3.0.CO;2-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, J., & Kirschenbaum, A. (1991). Employee turnover intentions: implications from a national sample. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2, 359–375. doi:10.1080/09585199100000073
   Google Scholar
• Woods, R.H., Sciarini, M., Heck, W. (1998), Turnover and diversity in the hospitality industry. Washington, DC: American Hotel Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X., & Wang, C. (2008). The impact of organizational justice on employees’ pay satisfaction, work attitudes, and performance in Chinese hotels. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 7, 181–195. doi:10.1080/15332840802156923
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, J., & Lim, J.C. (1999). Organizational support in the workplace: The case of Korean hospital employees. Human Relations, 52, 923–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar